国外潜艇探测技术研究现状及发展趋势

董欣心; 张哲璇; 张伟业

doi:10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0133

国外潜艇探测技术研究现状及发展趋势

doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0133

北京机电工程研究所, 北京, 100074

详细信息

作者简介:
董欣心(1996-), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为潜艇探测

中图分类号: TJ630; U663
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-25
- 修回日期: 2025-11-01
- 录用日期: 2025-11-06
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-10

Research Status and Development Trends of Foreign Submarine Detection Technologies

Aerospace Science and Industry Flight Technology Research and Development Center, Beijing 100074, China

摘要

摘要: 潜艇的最大威胁源于其隐蔽性。近年来, 随着潜艇降噪技术的持续发展及电子对抗烈度的不断增强, 提升潜艇探测手段与能力的需求日益迫切。文中综述了潜艇噪声、磁场、尾流和重力场等工作特性和典型作战模式, 阐述了不同探潜平台与探测方式的优势和不足, 归纳了声学探测、磁异探测等主流方法的发展现状和国外典型装备型号; 从抗干扰能力、实时数据处理及信息融合、无人系统协同及自主决策等方面分析了潜艇探测领域关键技术。分析表明, 新质探测手段与多源信息融合技术相结合可有效提升探测效能, 而无人系统协同、自主决策等能力的发展有望成为探潜模式转变的突破口, 可为未来潜艇探测领域的发展提供参考。
- 潜艇 /
- 探测技术 /
- 声呐 /
- 磁探仪 /
- 无人系统协同
Abstract: The primary threat of submarines stems from their concealment. In recent years, with the advancement of submarine noise reduction technologies and the intensification of electronic countermeasures, enhancing submarine detection methods and capabilities has become increasingly urgent. This paper reviewed the operational characteristics(including noise, magnetic field, wake, and gravitational field) and typical combat modes of submarines, expounded on the advantages and limitations of different anti-submarine platforms and detection approaches, and summarized the development status of mainstream detection methods(such as acoustic detection and magnetic anomaly detection), as well as representative foreign models. It analyzed the key technologies for submarine detection from three aspects: anti-jamming capability, real-time data processing and information fusion, and unmanned system collaboration and autonomous decision-making. The analysis indicates that the integration of new-type detection means with multi-source information fusion can effectively improve detection performance, while the development of capabilities like unmanned system collaboration and autonomous decision-making may serve as a breakthrough for the transformation of anti-submarine modes. This study provides valuable references for future research and development efforts in the field of submarine detection.
- submarine /
- detection technology /
- sonar /
- magnetic detector /
- unmanned system collaboration

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图 1 不同海深环境对应的潜艇工作模式

Figure 1. Submarine operating modes corresponding to different sea depth environments

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图 2 空基平台声呐

Figure 2. Airborne platform sonars

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图 3 水面舰艇声呐

Figure 3. Surface ship sonars

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图 4 潜艇声呐

Figure 4. Submarine sonars

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图 5 磁异探测设备

Figure 5. Magnetic anomaly detection equipment

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表 1 潜艇作战模式

Table 1. Operational modes of submarines

作战模式	作战特点	优势	不足	典型应用场景
单艇作战	独立执行任务	灵活性高, 隐蔽性强	资源有限, 无法同时应对多目标	侦察、伏击、突袭
编队作战	多艘潜艇协同作战	包围攻击, 提高作战效率	指挥协调复杂, 隐蔽性降低	对敌方舰队进行全面打击
协同水面舰艇	潜艇-水面舰艇协同作战	火力、隐蔽结合, 形成多层次作战	协同作战复杂, 隐蔽性受影响	对敌方舰队进行联合打击
协同空中平台	潜艇-空中平台协同作战	实现快速侦察与精确攻击	空中平台可能暴露作战位置	快速反应与精确打击
协同岸基平台	潜艇-岸基平台协同作战	可提供长期监视及战略支援	监控范围有限, 通信受限	战略层面的持续监控与支援

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表 2 舰艇探测平台概况

Table 2. Overview of shipborne detection platforms

平台类型	探测范围	探测精度	优势	不足	探测方式
空基平台	广	中等	隐蔽性高, 机动性强, 覆盖范围广, 适合大面积快速搜索。	探测深度有限, 受天气条件(如风浪、云层)影响较大, 维护和运营成本高。	通过雷达、声呐浮标、磁性探测器等传感器探测。
陆基平台	有限	高	隐蔽性高, 探测范围固定, 成本低, 适合防御性作战, 用于特定海域长期监控。	探测范围受限于传感器的布置位置, 易受地理环境(如海底地形、洋流)影响。	通过固定或移动的声呐阵列、雷达等设备探测。
水面舰艇	中等	中等	具备较强的机动性, 能够快速接近目标, 并执行搜攻一体化操作。	隐蔽性低, 适合近距离探测与攻击, 探测深度和精度受限于舰载声呐的性能。	通过舰载声呐、雷达、磁性探测器等设备探测潜艇。
水下平台	中等	高	探测精度高, 适合中近距离作战。能够执行长时间的水下任务。	舰艇水下对水下作战, 攻击后丧失隐蔽性, 机动性较差, 难以快速响应多目标, 维护成本较高。	可采用UUV, 或水中布放声呐、磁探仪, 通过水下传感器探测潜艇。

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