Analysis on Acoustic Scattering Characteristics of Icosahedral Composite Quasi-Spherical Scatterer
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摘要: 针对传统水下声学标准体布放难度大、声学适配性不足的问题, 文中设计了一种水下轻量化二十面浮体-杆组合结构仿球形散射体。该结构通过弧形浮力单元与杆-球骨架构建近似球形散射界面, 采用透水式设计实现浮力自平衡, 在保持球形散射特性的同时提升工程布放实用性。同时建立了声散射特性的分频段数值模型, 开展声散射计算: 低频段采用声固耦合有限元法(FEM)、中高频段采用迭代物理声学(IPA)方法, 分析了声散射强度随声波频率和入射方位的变化规律, 揭示了路径差干涉现象形成机制。通过试验验证了所提建模方法及研究结论的准确性,试验结果表明, 该仿球形散射体平均目标强度较同尺寸刚性球提高约3.87 dB, 并表现出多散射体相干干涉特征, 可作为水下声学标校载体, 为水下无人系统试验标定与目标声散射特性测试提供参考。Abstract: To address the difficulties in deployment and insufficient acoustic adaptability of traditional underwater acoustic standard targets, a lightweight quasi-spherical scatterer with icosahedral buoy-rod composite structure was proposed. Curved buoyant units and a rod-sphere framework formed an approximate spherical scattering interface, and a permeable design enabled buoyancy self-balance, which improved deployment feasibility while preserving spherical scattering characteristics. A frequency-segmented numerical model for acoustic scattering was established for calculation. The fluid-structure coupled finite element method(FEM) was adopted for low-frequency analysis, while the iterative physical acoustics(IPA) was employed at medium and high frequencies. The variations in acoustic scattering strength with acoustic frequency and incident direction were numerically analyzed, and the formation mechanism of path-difference interference was clarified. Experimental measurements were further carried out to validate the proposed modeling method and the corresponding conclusions. The results show that the average target strength of the proposed quasi-spherical scatterer is approximately 3.87 dB higher than that of a rigid sphere with the same radius. Meanwhile, the structure exhibits coherent interference characteristics caused by multiple scattering components. Therefore, it can serve as an underwater acoustic calibration target and provide a useful reference for experimental calibration, acoustic scattering analysis, and testing of unmanned underwater systems.
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图 3 计算域与物理场设置
Figure 3. Schematic of computational domain and physical field configuration
图 5 不同频率下组合结构目标强度指向性
Figure 5. Target strength directivity of composite structures at different frequencies
图 6 组合结构与子结构目标强度指向性对比
Figure 6. Target strength directivity comparison between composite structure and substructures
图 7 低频下组合结构与子结构目标强度对比曲线
Figure 7. Comparison curves of target strength between composite structure and substructures under low frequency
图 8 IPA计算得到的高频目标强度曲线
Figure 8. High-frequency target strength calculated via IPA method
图 9 节点沿入射波方向投影距离差
Figure 9. Projection distance difference of strucyural nodes along incident wave direction
图 10 中高频下组合结构与子结构目标强度对比曲线
Figure 10. Comparison curves of target strength between composite structure and substructures under mid-high frequency
图 13 20~25 kHz匹配滤波试验结果
Figure 13. Matched filtering experimental results within 20~25 kHz
图 14 低频试验与FEM仿真目标强度对比
Figure 14. Low-frequency targat strength comparison between experiment and FEM simulation
图 15 中高频试验与IPA仿真目标强度对比
Figure 15. Mid-high frequency target strength comparison between experiment and IPA simulation
表 1 仿球形散射体结构参数
Table 1. Structural parameters of quasi-spherical scatterer
结构参数 数值/m 正二十面体棱长 1.000 顶点球半径 0.090 连接杆半径 0.018 连接杆净长 0.824 
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表 2 材料声学参数
Table 2. Acoustic parameters of adopted materials
材料 密度/(kg·m−3) 杨氏模量/GPa 泊松比 水 1 000 — — 顶点球体 7 850 200 0.30 连接杆架 7 850 200 0.30 浮体块 400 1 0.28
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