微型轴流式汽轮机变工况损耗演化特性分析

李祥宇; 伊进宝; 马为峰; 文孟刚; 黄启龙; 杨俊

doi:10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2026-0077

微型轴流式汽轮机变工况损耗演化特性分析

doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2026-0077

西安精密机械研究所, 陕西西安, 710077

详细信息

作者简介:
李祥宇(2002-), 男, 在读硕士, 主要研究方向为水下无人潜航器动力系统

中图分类号: TJ630; U664.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-04-20
- 修回日期: 2026-05-19
- 录用日期: 2026-05-20
- 网络出版日期: 2026-09-10

Loss Evolution Characteristics of a Micro Axial-Flow Turbine Under Variable Operating Conditions

Xi’an Precision Machinery Research Institute, Xi’an 710077

摘要

摘要: 针对微型水下航行器在宽速域运行条件下微型轴流式汽轮机面临的效率问题, 开展了变工况损耗演化机理研究。基于Modelica语言, 构建了热-机-流多物理场耦合机理模型, 引入了轮盘摩擦损失、部分进汽损失、叶顶间隙泄漏损失及余速损失等微尺度非线性损耗修正。通过典型任务剖面的瞬态仿真与全速域参数扫描, 揭示了变工况过程中损耗机制的阶段性演变: 低速巡航阶段, 余速损失、轮盘摩擦损失与部分进汽损失占比相近, 形成三者协同主导的局面, 同时泄漏损失构成较为稳定的损耗; 高速突击阶段, 部分进汽损失与轮盘摩擦损失成为主导损耗源。进一步研究表明, 系统性能受运行参数与几何参数显著影响: 提高进口压力和进口温度可降低损耗占比, 但是要注意进口参数和气动特性的匹配; 控制叶顶间隙、适当增大部分进汽度并采用偏小的动叶出口角, 可有效抑制动能耗散与微尺度损失, 改善全工况效率。研究结果为微型动力系统的能量管理、高效运行区间界定及结构优化提供了理论依据与仿真支撑。
- 微型轴流式汽轮机 /
- 变工况 /
- 损耗演化 /
- 多物理场建模 /
- Modelica
Abstract: A study on the evolution mechanism of off-design losses is carried out to address the efficiency issues of micro axial-flow turbines in micro underwater vehicles operating over a wide speed range. A thermo-mechanical-fluid multi-physics coupling model is developed using the Modelica language, incorporating micro-scale nonlinear loss corrections such as disk friction loss, partial admission loss, tip clearance leakage loss, and exit velocity loss. Through transient simulations under a typical mission profile and full-speed-range parameter sweeps, the stage-wise evolution of the loss mechanism under variable operating conditions is revealed: during low-speed cruise, exit velocity loss, disk friction loss, and partial admission loss share comparable contributions, forming a co-dominant regime, while leakage loss remains relatively stable; during high-speed dash, partial admission loss and disk friction loss become the dominant loss sources. Further investigation shows that system performance is significantly influenced by both operating and geometric parameters. Increasing inlet pressure and temperature can reduce the loss proportion, but proper matching between inlet parameters and aerodynamic characteristics must be ensured. Controlling tip clearance, appropriately increasing the number of nozzles to raise the partial admission ratio, and adopting a small rotor exit angle can effectively suppress kinetic energy dissipation and micro-scale penalties, thereby improving the turbine efficiency over the whole operating range. The findings provide theoretical support and simulation-based guidance for energy management, definition of high-efficiency operating intervals, and structural optimization of micro power systems.
- micro axial-flow turbine /
- variable operating conditions /
- loss evolution /
- multi-physical field modeling /
- Modelica

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图 1 Li/SF₆闭式循环动力系统原理结构图

Figure 1. Principle structural diagram of Li/SF6 closed-cycle power system

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图 2 动力系统热-机-流耦合集成模型结构

Figure 2. Structural diagram of the thermal-mechanical-fluid coupling integrated model for power systems

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图 3 实验原理

Figure 3. Experimental schematic diagram

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图 4 变工况过程中各项损失演化曲线

Figure 4. Evolution curve of various losses during the variable operating condition process

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图 5 内效率和轮周效率变化曲线

Figure 5. Curves of internal efficiency and wheel-space efficiency changes

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图 6 调节进口压力后的内效率变化

Figure 6. Change in internal efficiency after adjusting inlet pressure

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图 7 调节进口温度后的内效率变化

Figure 7. Change in internal efficiency after adjusting the inlet temperature

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图 8 叶顶间隙敏感性验证

Figure 8. Validation of blade tip clearance sensitivity

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图 9 部分进汽度敏感性验证

Figure 9. Verification of sensitivity to partial admission degree

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图 10 叶片出口角度敏感性验证

Figure 10. Sensitivity analysis of rotor exit angle

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表 1 稳态工况仿真与实验数据对比

Table 1. Comparison between simulation and experimental data under steady-state conditions

项目	相对实验值	相对仿真值	相对误差/%
汽轮机转速	1.00n_ref	0.97n_ref	2.68
出口蒸汽温度	1.00T_out,ref	0.93 T_out,ref	7.46
蒸汽流量	$1.00{\dot m_{{\mathrm{ref}}}} $	$0.96{m_{{\mathrm{ref}}}} $	4.16
汽轮机功率	1.00P_t,ref	0.96P_t,ref	4.37

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