A Review of Research on the Acoustic Scattering Characteristics of Small Underwater Targets
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摘要: 水下小目标声散射特性研究是主动声呐目标探测、识别与水下安防应用的核心物理基础, 在近岸安防、反水雷和水下工程探测等领域应用价值显著。文章针对蛙人及其推进器、无人水下航行器(UUV)和水雷3类典型水下小目标, 系统综述其理论建模、试验测量及工程应用研究进展。首先, 结合归一化尺寸参数及目标功能属性界定研究范围, 概述不同散射区间基本特征; 随后, 梳理3类小目标在理论建模、试验及应用方面的代表性研究。研究表明: 蛙人目标具有显著的多部件耦合散射与时变调制特征, 呼吸气泡、肺部腔体和潜水装备是主要散射贡献源; UUV散射受壳体结构、舱段充水状态及附体多重散射效应影响显著; 掩埋水雷回波则受目标弹性、界面波传播与沉积层耦合作用共同控制。当前研究仍存在复杂海洋环境下目标散射与传播耦合机理认识不足、宽频带散射预报精度与效率难以兼顾、散射机理与数据驱动识别结合不深入以及复杂外场条件下试验验证有限等问题。文中研究可为水下小目标声散射机理研究及探测应用提供参考。Abstract: Research on the acoustic scattering characteristics of small underwater targets provides a fundamental physical basis for active sonar target detection, identification, and security applications, and has significant application value in shallow-water security, mine countermeasures, and underwater engineering detection. This paper reviews the progress in theoretical modeling, experimental measurements, and engineering applications for three representative classes of small underwater targets: divers and their propulsion devices, unmanned underwater vehicles, and mines. First, the scope of the review is defined by combining the normalized size parameter with the functional attributes of the targets, and the fundamental features of different scattering regions are outlined. Then, representative studies on the modeling, experiments, and applications of these three types of targets are systematically summarized. Research indicates that diver targets exhibit significant multi-component coupling and time-varying modulation characteristics, with exhaled bubbles, the lungs, and diving equipment serving as the main contributors to acoustic scattering. The scattering of unmanned underwater vehicles is greatly affected by hull structures, the flooding state of internal compartments, and multiple scattering from appendages. Echoes from targets such as buried mines are jointly governed by target elasticity, interface propagation, and coupling with sediment layers. Current research still faces several challenges, including insufficient understanding of target scattering–propagation coupling mechanisms in complex marine environments, the difficulty of balancing accuracy and efficiency in broadband scattering prediction, inadequate integration of scattering mechanisms with data-driven recognition, and limited experimental validation under complex field conditions. This review is expected to provide a reference for understanding the acoustic scattering mechanisms of small underwater targets and for improving their sonar detection and recognition.
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图 1 干衣闭式蛙人回波强度
Figure 1. Echo intensity characteristics of a dry-suit closed-circuit diver
图 2 60~120 kHz频段下蛙人双向游泳过程时距谱
Figure 2. Time–range spectra of divers during bidirectional swimming in the 60~120 kHz band
图 3 X舵UUV尾部TS与圆周合成孔径声呐成像结果对比
Figure 3. Comparison of stern target strength and circular synthetic aperture sonar imaging results for an X-rudder unmanned underwater vehicle
图 4 不锈钢圆柱形外壳到达回波的实验包络线随方位角的变化(单静态角度为180°,发射器与接收器重合)
Figure 4. Experimental envelopes of the arrivals from a stainless-steel cylindrical shell as a function of aspect angle (The monostatic angle is 180°, the transmitter and receiver are collocated)
图 5 齐平埋设弹性球壳在传播入射(左列)与倏逝入射(右列)条件下瞬态散射场对比
Figure 5. Comparison of the transient scattering fields of a flush-buried elastic spherical shell under propagating incidence (left column) and evanescent incidence (right column)
图 6 头波入射下弹性球壳散射响应及定位结果。
Figure 6. Scattering response and localization results of an elastic spherical shell under head-wave incidence
图 7 基于AUV的双基地声呐探测几何及目标场成像结果
Figure 7. AUV-based bistatic sonar geometry and target-field imaging results
表 1 典型水下小目标尺度、频段及主要散射区间
Table 1. Typical dimensions, frequency bands, and dominant scattering regimes of representative small underwater targets
目标
类型典型尺度 代表性测量频段 主要散射区间 蛙人 等效圆柱模型: 长度1.0 m, 半径0.125 m;
精确模型: 2.0 m×0.76 m×0.67 m[3-4]60~100 kHz[5] 高频/几何散射区为主, 局部叠加含气结构
共振与运动调制DPV 典型设计模型: 2.0 m×0.7 m×0.7 m[6] 20~40 kHz[7] 高频/几何散射区, 局部亮点响应明显 UUV
(小/中型)小型直径76~254 mm;
中型直径254~533 mm[8]40~120 kHz[9] 共振/过渡散射区至高频/几何散射区 水雷 直径0.46~1.2 m, 长度3.2 m[10] 裸露/沉底目标: 100~500 kHz;
掩埋目标: 2~15 kHz、5~35 kHz[11-15]高频条件下以几何散射为主; 低中频条件下
弹性散射、共振/过渡散射和界面耦合显著
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