Oblique Ice-breaking Load and Motion Characteristics Analysis of Water-exiting Vehicles
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摘要: 具备出水破冰能力的航行体, 对于极地科学考察与资源勘探具有重要的应用价值。然而, 现有研究多聚焦于垂直破冰, 缺乏探讨倾斜角度对破冰性能的影响。为此, 文中基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)流固耦合算法建立了航行体倾斜出水破冰数值模型, 系统分析了倾斜角度、初速度及冰层厚度对航行体载荷及运动特性的影响规律。结果表明: 在破冰初期, 航行体尖锥形头部撞击冰层导致冰层局部产生剧烈的应力集中, 其顶部率先萌生径向裂纹并从中部开始破碎失效; 航行体所受合力中心偏离轴线方向, 导致其沿初始倾斜方向偏转加剧, 且该趋势随初速度和冰厚增大愈加明显; 在随后穿冰过程中, 倾斜角度θ=10°工况低速和厚冰条件下, 航行体姿态呈“偏转-回正”模式; 高速和薄冰条件下, 姿态则呈“偏转-直航”模式。研究结果可为极地跨介质航行器设计发展提供参考。Abstract: Underwater vehicles possessing water-exit ice-breaking capabilities hold significant application value for polar scientific research and resource exploration. However, existing research primarily focuses on vertical ice-breaking, with a notable lack of investigation into the impact of the oblique angle on ice-breaking performance. Therefore, a numerical model for the oblique water-exit and ice-breaking process of a vehicle is established based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) fluid-structure interaction algorithm. The effects of the oblique angle, initial velocity, and ice thickness on the load and motion characteristics of the vehicle are systematically analyzed. The results indicate that during the initial stage of ice-breaking, the impact of the vehicle's conical head induces intense local stress concentration in the ice sheet. This leads to the early initiation of radial cracks at the top surface, followed by failure originating from the center. The center of the resultant force on the vehicle deviates from its axis, causing an exacerbated deflection along the initial oblique direction, and a trend that becomes more pronounced as the initial velocity and ice thickness increases. For the θ=10° case, the vehicle’s attitude is governed by the ice-breaking kinetic energy: under conditions of low velocity and thick ice, the attitude exhibits a “deflection-recovery” pattern; conversely, under high velocity and thin ice conditions, it transitions to a “deflection-steady flight” pattern. The findings of this research provide a valuable theoretical reference for the design and development of polar cross-media vehicles in the future.
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图 5 圆柱位移和速度随时间变化曲线
Figure 5. Curves of cylinder displacement and velocity changing with time
图 11 不同倾斜角度下航行体载荷和加速度变化
Figure 11. Variation of vehicle load and acceleration under different oblique angles
图 12 不同倾斜角度条件下等效应力云图
Figure 12. Equivalent stress contours during icebreaking with different oblique angles
图 13 破冰过程航行体倾斜角度变化曲线
Figure 13. Variation curves of the vehicle's oblique angle during the icebreaking process
图 14 不同初速度下航行体载荷和加速度变化
Figure 14. Contact force and acceleration variation with different initial velocity
图 15 破冰过程航行体倾斜角度变化
Figure 15. Variation of the vehicle's oblique angle during the icebreaking process
图 16 不同初速度下x方向力矩变化
Figure 16. Variation of x-direction moment at different initial velocities
图 17 不同冰厚下航行体载荷变化
Figure 17. Variation of vehicle load under different ice thicknesses
图 18 破冰过程航行体倾斜角度变化
Figure 18. Variation of the vehicle's oblique angle during the icebreaking process
表 1 航行体模型参数
Table 1. Parameters of vehicle
参数 数值 密度 2700 kg/m3弹性模量 69 GPa 屈服强度 270 MPa 泊松比 0.33 单元类型 *SECTION_SHELL 材料模型 *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC 
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表 2 冰模型参数
Table 2. Parameters of ice
参数 数值 密度 910 kg/m3 剪切模量 2.2 GPa 屈服应力 2.12 MPa 塑性硬化模量 4.26 GPa 体积模量 5.26 GPa 塑性失效应变 0.35 截断压力 −4 MPa 单元类型 *SECTION_SOLID 材料模型 *MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_FAILURE
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表 3 水模型参数
Table 3. Parameters of water
参数 数值 密度 1000 kg/m3单元类型 *SECTION_SOLID 材料模型 *MAT_NULL 状态方程 *EOS_GRUNEISEN
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表 4 空气模型参数
Table 4. Parameters of air
参数 数值 密度 1.25 kg/m3 单元类型 *SECTION_SOLID 材料模型 *MAT_NULL 状态方程 *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
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表 5 不同工况计算条件
Table 5. Calculation conditions of different working cases
工况 倾斜角度/(°) 初速度/(m·s−1) 冰厚/(mm) 1 0 40 40 2 5 40 40 3 10 40 40 4 15 40 40 5 10 20 40 6 10 25 40 7 10 30 40 8 10 40 20 9 10 40 30 10 10 40 50
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表 6 圆柱材料参数
Table 6. Parameters of cylinder
参数 数值 密度 7850 kg/m3弹性模量 211 GPa 屈服强度 355 MPa 泊松比 0.3 单元类型 *SECTION_SOLID 材料模型 *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
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