A Review of Research on the Acoustic Scattering Characteristics of Small Underwater Targets

LIU Yan; LI Jie; GE Lili; FAN Jun; WANG Bin

doi:10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2026-0073

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Article Navigation > Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems > 2026 > Accepted Manuscript

LIU Yan, LI Jie, GE Lili, FAN Jun, WANG Bin. A Review of Research on the Acoustic Scattering Characteristics of Small Underwater Targets[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2026-0073

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LIU Yan, LI Jie, GE Lili, FAN Jun, WANG Bin. A Review of Research on the Acoustic Scattering Characteristics of Small Underwater Targets[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2026-0073

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A Review of Research on the Acoustic Scattering Characteristics of Small Underwater Targets

doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2026-0073

LIU Yan^{1, 2, 3},
LI Jie^{4, 5},
GE Lili^{4, 5},
FAN Jun^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
WANG Bin^{4, 5}

1.
National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
3.
College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Marine Intelligent Equipment and System, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
5.
School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Received Date: 2026-04-14
Accepted Date: 2026-05-13
Rev Recd Date: 2026-05-07

Available Online: 2026-05-29

Abstract

Abstract

Research on the acoustic scattering characteristics of small underwater targets provides a fundamental physical basis for active sonar target detection, identification, and security applications, and has significant application value in shallow-water security, mine countermeasures, and underwater engineering detection. This paper reviews the progress in theoretical modeling, experimental measurements, and engineering applications for three representative classes of small underwater targets: divers and their propulsion devices, unmanned underwater vehicles, and mines. First, the scope of the review is defined by combining the normalized size parameter with the functional attributes of the targets, and the fundamental features of different scattering regions are outlined. Then, representative studies on the modeling, experiments, and applications of these three types of targets are systematically summarized. Research indicates that diver targets exhibit significant multi-component coupling and time-varying modulation characteristics, with exhaled bubbles, the lungs, and diving equipment serving as the main contributors to acoustic scattering. The scattering of unmanned underwater vehicles is greatly affected by hull structures, the flooding state of internal compartments, and multiple scattering from appendages. Echoes from targets such as buried mines are jointly governed by target elasticity, interface propagation, and coupling with sediment layers. Current research still faces several challenges, including insufficient understanding of target scattering–propagation coupling mechanisms in complex marine environments, the difficulty of balancing accuracy and efficiency in broadband scattering prediction, inadequate integration of scattering mechanisms with data-driven recognition, and limited experimental validation under complex field conditions. This review is expected to provide a reference for understanding the acoustic scattering mechanisms of small underwater targets and for improving their sonar detection and recognition.
- underwater acoustics,
- small underwater targets,
- acoustic scattering characteristics,
- target strength,
- active sonar,
- target recognition

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References(132)

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