Current Issue

2024, Volume 32,  Issue 5

Display Method:
Effectiveness Evaluation of Intelligent UUV Target Recognition and Counter-contermeasure Based on TOPSIS with Weighting Combination
WANG Xu, LI Jinming, MAO Zhaoyong, DING Wenjun
2024, 32(5): 779-786. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0094
Abstract:
At present, the operational environment for underwater acoustic contermeasure is increasingly complicated. The emphasis on future underwater warfare is mainly focused on the contermeasure and counter-contermeasure of intelligent underwater unmanned systems. The research on intelligent unmanned undersea vehicle(UUV) recognition and counter-contermeasure capability is of great significance for improving the overall operational effectiveness of intelligent undersea unmanned systems. In order to evaluate the target recognition and counter-contermeasure effectiveness of the intelligent UUVs, the main factors affecting the system effectiveness were analyzed, and the effectiveness index system was established. The evaluation model was also proposed. The weight of the index system was determined by the combination of subjective and objective weighting methods, and the target recognition and counter-contermeasure effectiveness of the intelligent UUVs was evaluated by the improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS). The evaluation conclusion can provide a reference for the design and optimization of the UUV target recognition and counter-contermeasure system.
Study on Light Scattering Characteristics of Organic Bubbles
DONG Min, ZHANG Jiansheng, YAN Linbo, JIAO Guijin, YAO Yuan
2024, 32(5): 787-793. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0116
Abstract:
In order to provide a more thorough explanation of the light scattering characteristics of wake in real marine environments, this study examined the variations in light scattering characteristics of wake bubbles induced by organic matter films in real marine environments. Drawing on Mie’s scattering theory, the study simulated the scattering intensity distribution, scattering coefficient, scattering phase function, and polarization degree of clean bubbles, as well as organic bubbles enveloped in protein and lipid films, under varying wavelengths of incident light. The simulation findings reveal that the scattering coefficients of clean bubbles and the two types of organic bubbles enveloped in films fluctuate around 2.025, with the organic bubbles exhibiting significantly larger oscillation amplitudes than the clean bubbles. Notably, at a scattering angle of 180°, the scattering intensity and scattering phase function of organic bubbles experience a notable increase. These organic bubbles can amplify the amplitude of scattering coefficient oscillations and the intensity of backscattering. The simulation results offer theoretical and data support for wake detection in real marine environments and provide a practical foundation for research on marine pollution monitoring and water quality assessment.
Underwater Biomimetic Whisker Sensor Based on Liquid Metal and Triboelectric Nanogenerator
LI Yuanzheng, WANG Tianrun, GUAN Tangzhen, XU Peng, WANG Hao, XU Minyi
2024, 32(5): 794-800. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0125
Abstract:
To enhance the maneuverability and adaptability of underwater robots, it is essential to improve their perception of the surrounding environment. Inspired by the hair follicle structure of animal whiskers, this paper proposed a liquid metal-based triboelectric whisker sensor(LTWS) by combining liquid metal with triboelectric nanogenerators. This sensor served as a supplement to optical and acoustic perception technologies for underwater robots in turbid water with low visibility, enhancing the robots’ information perception capabilities. The LTWS mainly consisted of carbon fiber whiskers, silicone sheaths, triggers, memory alloy springs, sensing units, and a base. The subtle deflection of the carbon fiber whiskers drove the trigger to approach and squeeze the sensing unit in the corresponding direction, thereby generating an electric signal. The sensing signal of LTWS had a linear relationship with the lateral displacement of the whiskers, and the sensitivity could reach 7.9 mV/mm. The touch frequency had a small impact on the output signal. LTWS enriched the perception methods of underwater robots, providing a new approach to marine information perception.
Magnetic Anomaly Characteristics Analysis of Multi-Ship Wake and Simulation System Design
YAN Linbo, ZHANG Jiansheng, DONG Min, WANG Chengying, JIAO Guijin, YAO Yuan
2024, 32(5): 801-807. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0117
Abstract:
In order to study the characteristics of the wake magnetic anomaly when multiple ships are sailing at the same time, based on the basic theoretical knowledge of ship wake, the waveform, velocity, and distribution of the induced magnetic field of the ship wake were studied, and the variation characteristics and distribution patterns of the induced magnetic field of the multi-ship wake were obtained. By taking the formation of three ships as an example, the distribution of the induced magnetic field and the distribution of the magnetic field in the directions of x and y during the movement of the ships were analyzed. The magnetic field distribution characteristics of the wake formed when the three ships sail at the same time were solved, and the abnormal induced magnetic field generated during various ship combination operations was analyzed. The experimental results obtained from the simulation were consistent with the existing measurement results. APP Design tools were used for magnetic anomaly simulation system software development of multi-ship wake. The system not only could accurately, intuitively, and quickly simulate and set the magnetic induction intensity and variation patterns of the wake of three ships in any direction but also had the advantages of simple operation and cost saving, which provided a theoretical reference and a more effective simulation platform for ship wake experiment.
Unsupervised Controllable Enhancement of Underwater Images Based on Multi-Domain Attribute Representation Disentanglement
ZHOU Shijian, ZHU Pengli, LIU Siyuan, CHEN Han
2024, 32(5): 808-817. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0165
Abstract:
The unsupervised enhancement technology for underwater images is mainly oriented towards specific distortion factors and exhibits limited adaptability towards various underwater distorted images. The content attribute(structure) of the image will migrate and change with the style attribute(appearance), resulting in an uncontrolled enhancement effect and affecting the stability and accuracy of subsequent environmental perception and processing. To address this issue, an unsupervised controllable enhancement method of underwater images based on multi-domain attribute representation disentanglement(MARD) was proposed in the paper. First, a framework of multi-domain unified representation disentanglement cycle-consistent adversarial translations was designed, thereby enhancing the algorithm’s adaptability to multiple distortion factors. Subsequently, a dual-encoding and conditional decoding network structure was constructed. Finally, a series of losses for MARD was designed to enhance the independence and controllability of quality, content, style, and other attribute representations. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only eliminates various distortions such as color aberration, blur, noise, and low illumination in underwater images but also quantify the image style codes by linear interpolation for controllable enhancement of underwater images.
Simulation Analysis of KCS Wake Induced Electromagnetic Field
LAN Qing, YAN Linbo, REN Binbin
2024, 32(5): 818-822, 832. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0101
Abstract:
In order to more systematically study the wake induced electromagnetic field caused during the navigation of the ship, based on the finite element method, the induced electromagnetic field generated by the wake motion of the Kriso container ship(KCS) was simulated by using magnetohydrodynamics, Maxwell equations, and other electromagnetic fields and fluid mechanics theories. The results show that the magnitude of KCS wake induced magnetic field has an obvious distribution law in the detectable range. The wake induced magnetic field has an extreme value in the direction of propagation, and its magnitude is related to the measurement position; the wake induced magnetic field increases with the distance to the extreme value and then gradually decreases along the propagation distance; the wake current density decreases along the propagation distance. The research in this paper can provide a reference for ocean electromagnetic exploration and ship tracking and positioning.
Scattered Light Compensation Combined with Color Preservation and Contrast Balance for Underwater Image Enhancement
NING Zemeng, LIN Sen, LI Xingran
2024, 32(5): 823-832. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0131
Abstract:
In view of color deviation, low contrast, and blurring in underwater images, an underwater image enhancement method based on scattered light compensation combined with color preservation and contrast balance was proposed. Firstly, the relative total variational model was used to separate the structure and texture layer of the image. Specifically, the color deviation of the structural layer was corrected by defining a compensation coefficient error matrix based on the RGB spatial mapping, and the texture layer was enhanced by filtering separation and fusion to prevent the initial feature loss of the image. The enhanced texture layer was superimposed with the structural layer to obtain the output of the first layer. Besides, in the contrast balance module, color preservation-contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization based on spatial transformation was performed to further improve the contrast and brightness. Finally, the enhanced results of the two layers were fused to output the image. Comparison conducted on different datasets verifies that the proposed method has better performance in balancing color deviation, enhancing details, and deblurring, which has practical application value in unmanned undersea system-based vision tasks.
Laser Transmission Characteristics of Wake Bubble Curtain
JIAO Guijin, ZHANG Jiansheng, YAN Linbo, DONG Min, YAO Yuan
2024, 32(5): 833-838. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0093
Abstract:
In the process of navigation, the ship will produce the wake region, and the scattering phenomenon occurs when the laser passes through the wake region of the bubble. Through the detection and analysis of the scattered light, the ship can be detected and identified. In this paper, the influence of the wake bubble curtain on laser transmission characteristics was investigated, and the light intensity changes of the wake bubble curtain were detected based on a fiber optic spectrometer. The experiment simulated the light intensity change of the wake bubble curtain with a thickness of 10 cm and 15 cm under different pressures at 5, 15, and 20 cm away from the water surface and explored the variation of intensity of forward and backward scattered light with pressure. The experimental results show that with the increases in pressure, the variation of light intensity slows down, and the concentration and the radius of the bubble increase. Higher bubble concentration indicates a smaller variation of light intensity. With the increase in pressure, the intensity of forward scattered light decreases linearly, and the intensity of backward scattered light increases.
Feature Selection of Scale Target Recognition by Underwater Acoustic Homing Weapons Based on Random Forest
DENG Jianjing, SHI Lei, WANG Chenyu, LIU Liwen, YANG Xiangfeng, YANG Yunchuan
2024, 32(5): 839-845. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0081
Abstract:
When underwater acoustic homing weapons identify underwater scale targets, it is necessary to extract different dimensional features from underwater target echoes and combine the features to form a complementary feature set to improve the recognition accuracy. However, due to the different application scenarios of different features, introducing all features leads to a high dimension of the feature set and may contain redundant information among each other, which will increase the difficulty of recognition. In the active recognition problem of underwater acoustic homing weapons, the feature set has a high dimension and needs to be selected. To solve these problems, a feature selection algorithm based on random forest(RF)was proposed in this paper. At the same time, to solve the problem of small amounts and unbalanced types of active echo data of underwater acoustic homing weapons, the synthetic minority oversampling technique was adopted in the feature domain. The feature subsets selected by the proposed method were put into the classifiers for testing by using real data. The results show that the proposed method can obtain better feature subsets and effectively improve the recognition accuracy.
Domain-Adaptive Underwater Target Detection Method Based on GPA + CBAM
LIU Qidong, SHEN Xin, LIU Hailu, CONG Lu, FU Xianping
2024, 32(5): 846-854. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0149
Abstract:
Underwater target detection is often more susceptible to domain shift and reduced detection accuracy. In response to this phenomenon, this article proposed a domain-adaptive underwater target detection method based on graph-induced prototype alignment(GPA). GPA obtained instance-level features in the image through graph-based information propagation between region proposals and then derived prototype representations for category-level domain alignment. The above operations could effectively aggregate different modal information of underwater targets, thereby achieving alignment between the source and target domains and reducing the impact of domain shift. In addition, in order to make the neural network focus on instance-level features under different water domain distributions, a convolutional block attention module(CBAM) was added. The experimental results have shown that the proposed method can effectively improve detection accuracy during domain shift.
Analysis of Attenuation Characteristics of Polar VLF Electromagnetic Wave Propagation across Ice Layer
ZHANG Jiayu, FENG Shimin, DOU Gaoqi, DAI Chenpeng, WANG Zhen, WANG Hao
2024, 32(5): 855-863. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2024-0100
Abstract:
Very low frequency(VLF) electromagnetic wave provides a reliable method for cross-medium communication in polar sea environments due to its ability to penetrate seawater. In order to solve the problem of polar VLF electromagnetic wave propagation across the ice layer, a multilayer dielectric propagation model based on the transmission matrix was established in this paper. The attenuation characteristics of VLF electromagnetic waves in air-ice layer-seawater and the influence of incident angle were studied by using the two-port network equivalent circuit method. Through simulation and field experiment data, the attenuation law of VLF electromagnetic wave field intensity in the ice layer was quantified for the first time, revealing the important discovery that the attenuation of VLF electromagnetic wave field intensity in the ice layer was less than 1 dB per meter. The effect of sea ice on VLF communication in polar regions was evaluated. The results show that sea ice had less loss on VLF electromagnetic waves and was not the main factor affecting VLF communication.
USV/UUV Cooperative Navigation Algorithm Based on Moving Long Baseline and Navigation Error Correction
JIAO Huifeng, YE Chen, WANG Wenchu, MAO Zhaoyong, WANG Yintao
2024, 32(5): 864-873. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2024-0005
Abstract:
Unmanned undersea vehicles(UUVs) undergo a cumulative increase of inertial navigation error caused by long-term cooperative movement. In order to reduce the relative navigation errors between unmanned surface vessels(USVs) and UUVs and improve the navigation accuracy of UUVs, a USV/UUV cooperative navigation algorithm based on moving long baseline and navigation error correction was proposed in this paper. The algorithm was based on underwater acoustic communication ranging. First, UUV collected the relative distance information between it and USVs, calculated the relative navigation error correction, and then added the correction to the current navigation position of USVs. Finally, the accumulated inertial navigation error of UUVs was corrected by combining the formation setting between USVs and UUVs and the position calculated by the UUVs’ low-precision navigation equipment. The simulation results show that the navigation accuracy of UUVs can be significantly improved during the USV/UUV cooperative movement by blending the corrected UUV position information with the position calculated by the inertial navigation of UUV.
Robust Beamforming Technologies for Conformal Array of Small-Scale Platform Based on Covariance Matrix Fitting
GONG Shiyu, FANG Erzheng, ZHANG Jianing
2024, 32(5): 874-883. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2024-0001
Abstract:
To achieve robust detection on small-scale platforms like unmanned undersea vehicles(UUVs), which are characterized by their limited maneuverability and array apertures, various beamforming algorithms were designed by leveraging U-shaped conformal planar arrays specifically tailored for small-scale platforms. The impact of factors such as snapshot rate, input signal-to-noise ratio, and steering vector errors on the robustness of these beamforming technologies was analyzed. Although the minimum variance distortionless response(MVDR) method is noted for its superior array gain, its performance significantly deteriorates in the presence of steering vector errors and inaccuracies in the covariance matrix estimation. To mitigate these issues, the covariance matrix fitting-based beamforming method and the dual-constraint robust MVDR method were introduced. The robustness of the robust beamforming methods applied in conformal arrays of underwater small-scale platforms was validated through numerical simulations and comparison with various beamforming technologies. Finally, the actual performance of various beamforming technologies was further compared and verified by anechoic pool experiments with the array element position error considered.
Study on Field Data Fusion and Calibration Techniques of MEMS Array
RUAN Wei, HUANG Hai, HONG Jianying, QIN Bin
2024, 32(5): 884-890. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0140
Abstract:
Due to the poor bias repeatability and large random noise of a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS), the Allan variance was used to analyze the random angle walk of MEMS. The information fusion algorithm of array gyro was designed by using Allan variance identification value and weighted least square method, which could effectively reduce the random angle walk and respond to the true angular rate in real time under both static and dynamic conditions. For the constant drift of MEMS gyro, a two-position calibration scheme was designed combined with the observability of the error of the inertial navigation system, so as to complete system-level calibration of constant drift. Simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper effectively reduces the random angle walk and the constant drift of MEMS gyro and significantly improves the inertial measurement accuracy of MEMS.
A Simplified Modeling Method of UVMS Dynamics Based on Quasi-Lagrange Equation
YANG Qingyu, REN Ping, WANG Hao
2024, 32(5): 891-900. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2024-0002
Abstract:
As a kind of complex system with strong nonlinearity, strong coupling, time variance, redundancy, and high dimension, the modeling, motion control, and stability analysis of an underwater vehicle-manipulator system(UVMS) are very challenging. In dynamics modeling, the traditional Lagrange equation is often used to model the complex UVMS with high degrees of freedom, which requires the operation of derivation and partial derivation of the generalized coordinates and their derivatives and will face the problems of a large amount of calculation and low modeling efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposed a simplified dynamics modeling method for UVMS with 6+n degree-of-freedom based on the quasi-Lagrange equation, which could reduce the amount of calculation in the symbolic formula derivation and improve the modeling efficiency and the accuracy of the results. Finally, the numerical simulation of a UVMS model was carried out with the physical parameters of the underwater vehicle BlueROV and the underwater manipulator Reach Alpha, and the simulation results verified the complex coupling of the UVMS. The dynamics model based on the proposed method had a clear equation form, which not only provided strong support for the study of control algorithms and the optimization of coupling forces but also a basis for the design of dynamics parameters and the study of trajectory planning.
Wake Flow Field Detection of Undersea Vehicles Based on Vortex Beam Propagation
ZHOU Zhichao, TANG Yunqing, XU Lingfei, GU Cunfeng, LIU Pingan
2024, 32(5): 901-905. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2024-0076
Abstract:
In free-space diffraction, the orbital angular momentum(OAM)of the vortex light field remains unchanged. However, in a turbulent layer, the symmetry of the OAM spectrum distribution will be broken, and the OAM will change due to the existence of a quasi-ordered structure in the flow field. In this paper, the mechanism of detecting the flow structure by using the symmetry breaking of OAM spectrum distribution was investigated. The feasibility of applying OAM of vortex light field to detect undersea vehicles was analyzed, and relevant test results were given. In addition, according to the characteristics that the total OAM of the light field also changes, the theoretical basis for identifying the characteristics of different flow fields based on OAM was elaborated through the cross-OAM matrix method. Lastly, the perception characteristics of the water medium of the vortex light field were studied. Combined with the results of numerical simulation, a technical concept for detecting undersea vehicles based on the characteristics of OAM propagation was proposed.
Application of Bolt Vibration Isolation Structure in Torpedo Noise Control
CAO Hao, LIU Yanpeng, WEN Lihua, WANG Zhijie
2024, 32(5): 906-915. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0164
Abstract:
To further investigate the role of vibration isolation structure in torpedo noise control, in this paper, a dynamic characteristic identification bench of vibration isolation materials based on a beam model was established, and the elastic modulus and damping of poly-ether-ether-ketone materials were identified and verified. The finite element model of bolt vibration isolation structure was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified. The model was applied to the connection between the torpedo engine and the shell. Combined with the vibration isolation ring modeling theory and bolt vibration isolation structure, a torpedo-powered vibration isolation simulation model was established for the first time. The simulation results show that the vibration noise of torpedoes can be reduced by 3.64 dB by comprehensively using vibration isolation rings combined with bolt connections. The results provide strong theoretical support for torpedo vibration noise control.
A Vertical Hit Method for Striking the Middle of a Large Undersea Vehicle
ZHANG Meiru, WEN Zhiwen, LIU Yanbo
2024, 32(5): 916-922. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0032
Abstract:
Due to the random drift of the target aiming point of the detection system on large undersea vehicles, high-speed attack-type unmanned undersea vehicles(UUVs) often cross the front and rear sides of large undersea vehicles vertically in engineering applications, resulting in target miss. To address the above issues, this article proposed a new vertical hit guidance method that utilized multi-cycle data from the detection system to achieve vertical hits in the middle of a large undersea vehicle. In addition, statistical simulation was conducted. The simulation results show that this method has a relatively low sensitivity to guidance parameters and strong adaptability to the relative position of UUVs and the target vehicle. It can meet the requirements of vertical hit engineering under the existing guidance parameter accuracy requirements. When the hit location is considered, the middle of the large undersea vehicle can be hit vertically, and there is a significant increase in the probability of vertical hit. The method proposed in the article is reasonable and feasible and can improve the damage effect on large undersea vehicles.
J-C Constitutive Relation at Low Strain Rates for DNAN-Based Aluminium Explosives
KANG Songyi, XU Jie, LU Xi, WANG Shushan, JIA Xiyu
2024, 32(5): 923-930. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0130
Abstract:
The drop response problem of the explosive charge is a typical low-velocity impact ignition problem, which exhibits the characteristics of low strain rate, long pulse width, and small pulse, and it is significantly different from the high-velocity impact ignition. In order to study the dynamic mechanical characteristics of a typical underwater weapon warhead charge drop conditions, the dynamic compression test of DNAN-based aluminum explosives was carried out by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB), and the normal strain rate loading was achieved by the incident wave shaping technique. The stress-strain curves of DNAN-based aluminum explosives at five low strain rates, 80, 180, 28, 360, and 440 s−1 were obtained under the conditions of normal temperature and normal pressure. The Johnson-Cook(J-C) constitutive model was used to fit the parameters of the test data and verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the elastic modulus, yield strength, yield strain, failure stress, and failure strain of DNAN-based aluminum explosives all increase with the increase in strain rate; using the fitted J-C constitutive parameters can well restore the dynamic mechanical behaviors of DNAN-based aluminum explosives at low strain rate in numerical simulation, and it can provide strong data support for the related numerical simulation calculation of the drop safety.
Effectiveness Evaluation of Underwater Heterogeneous Platforms Based on ADC Model
ZHANG Xin, PAN Jin, ZHANG Jing, CHEN Boheng, REN Ming, GUO Dong
2024, 32(5): 931-939. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0143
Abstract:
Equipment clusters are gradually emerging as a key way to improve the efficiency of underwater tasks. Traditional availability dependability capacity(ADC) models make it difficult to evaluate the collaborative ability of an underwater heterogeneous platform composed of multi-type equipment. The reliability, endurance, and communication performance indicators with time variables were selected, and a comprehensive model of the tree structure was established, which could quantify the collaborative factors numerically and objectively reflect the changes in collaborative ability during the platform task process. Based on this, the capability matrix was continuously processed, and the equipment individual was taken as a subsystem. Environmental impact factors were introduced to reflect the influence of the surrounding environment on the equipment performance. An improved ADC model was established for system effectiveness evaluation. By taking the underwater heterogeneous platform composed of autonomous undersea vehicles and communication nodes as an example, the equipment capability and platform effectiveness within the task cycle were evaluated. The research results indicate that this method can be well combined with multiple collaborative factors for effectiveness evaluation, which is feasible and effective and can provide a reference for the effectiveness evaluation of collaborative operation tasks of multi-type equipment.
Task Availability Capability Assessment Based onCharacteristic Parameters
LIANG Xiaoling, DENG Jianhui, CHEN Sijun, ZHUANG Deyu
2024, 32(5): 940-947. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0126
Abstract:
To evaluate system task availability under the condition of real-time fault feature parameter input, a method of assessing task availability capability based on characteristic parameters was proposed. By introducing the neuro-fuzzy system(NFS), a vulnerability model of the aviation insurance system was established, and fuzzy rules were integrated into the framework of neural networks to establish an assessment model for system task availability capability. This method combined the reasoning ability of fuzzy logic and the infinite approximation function ability of neural networks to create an alternative model of the real system, which was more universal. Moreover, an intelligent optimization algorithm was used to make the alternative model approach to the real model, getting rid of the influence of unknown weight coefficients in the system that relied on experts or experience and endowing the fuzzy neural network(FNN) with learning capabilities. The experimental results and analysis show that the assessment model is comprehensive and reasonable and can be extended to the underwater field to assess the mission capabilities of navigation support systems and naval ship systems.
Research on Warhead Drop Safety and Its Implications for Mine Warheads
LU Xi, KANG Songyi, JIA Xiyu, MA Feng
2024, 32(5): 948-961. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0092
Abstract:
Warhead drop safety involves multiple aspects such as explosive formula, charging process, warhead design, and service environment. The literature on the warhead drop safety of conventional weapon ammunition was comprehensively summarized, and the current status of warhead drop safety was systematically analyzed from five aspects: research on typical explosive impact sensitivity, dynamic mechanical properties of typical explosives, theoretical research on non-impact ignition of warhead charge drops, warhead drop testing and simulation research, and evaluation methods and standards for warhead drop safety. In addition, some suggestions on the drop safety study of mine warheads were put forward. The analysis results in the article could provide a reference and guidance for the research on the drop safety of mine warheads.
Development Status and Trend of U.S. Equipment for Underwater Special Operations
ZHANG Zhiwei, FANG Zejiang, HE Runmin, ZHAO Qi, ZHU Zhaotong
2024, 32(5): 962-970. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0166
Abstract:
In recent years, as the western countries led by the United States have shifted their strategic focus from ocean to offshore, offshore shallow waters have become the focus of attack and defense for countries. With the distributed combat background of manned and unmanned cooperation, underwater special operation platforms have begun to play an increasingly important role. This article was based on the latest national defense research and procurement budget for the US fiscal year 2024 and focused on the development status and research trends of equipment for underwater special operations such as swimmer delivery vehicle(SDV), dry combat submersible(DCS), dry deck shelter(DDS), combat diving (CBDIV), undersea craft mission equipment(UCME), and small undersea unmanned vehicle(SUUV)in underwater system projects, so as to provide useful references for future research on underwater special equipment.
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