Key Technologies of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication for UUV Cluster Applications
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摘要: 无人水下航行器(UUV)集群协同是未来海洋作战的核心能力, 其实现高度依赖于稳定、高效的水下通信技术。水下无线光通信(UWOC)以其高带宽、低延迟等优势, 成为中近距离水下互联的理想解决方案, 然而UUV高速运动引起的动态对准困难与信道衰落问题严重制约了其实际应用。针对上述问题, 文中面向UUV集群的“动中通”需求, 提出了一种集成化UWOC系统框架, 通过宽角域周视大功率发射与多路分集高灵敏度接收的协同设计, 突破运动条件下链路维持与信号稳定接收的技术瓶颈。基于该框架研制原理样机, 并开展系列实验验证。结果表明: 在15.5 m距离、衰减系数约0.54 m−1的水质中, 系统可实现2 Mbit/s速率的稳定通信(比特误码率小于10−3); 在10 m距离、衰减系数约0.85 m−1水质及5 kn 航速条件下, 丢包率低于2%。研究结果实现了UWOC技术在高机动、多自由度回转体UUV平台上的初步应用, 为UUV集群协同控制与高速信息交互提供了有效的技术支撑。Abstract: Unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) swarm cooperation is a core capability for future marine operations, highly dependent on stable and efficient underwater communication technology. Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC), with its high bandwidth and low latency, serves as an ideal solution for medium-to-short-range underwater linking. However, the dynamic alignment and channel fading caused by high-speed UUV motion significantly restrict its practical application. To address these challenges, this study proposes an integrated UWOC system framework aimed at the “communication on the move” (COTM) requirement of UUV clusters. The system employs a cooperative design of wide-angle panoramic high-power transmission and multi-channel diversity high-sensitivity reception, overcoming the technical bottlenecks of link maintenance and stable signal reception under motion conditions. A prototype was developed and experimentally validated: in water with an attenuation coefficient of approximately 0.54 m−1 over a distance of 15.5 m, the system achieved stable communication at 2 Mbit/s (bit error rate is less than 10−3); under conditions of 10 m distance, attenuation coefficient of about 0.85 m−1, and UUV speed of 5 kn, the packet loss rate remained below 2%. This work demonstrates the preliminary application of UWOC technology on highly maneuverable multi-degree-of-freedom UUV platforms, providing effective technical support for UUV swarm coordination and high-speed information exchange.
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图 1 搭载所研制无线光通信段的UUV实物图
Figure 1. Physical image of the developed UUV equipped with the wireless optical communication module
图 2 矩形均匀光斑自由曲面透镜实体模型
Figure 2. Entity model of the freeform lens for rectangular uniform spot
图 3 接收面辐照度分布(左)与轮廓(右)
Figure 3. Irradiance distribution (left) and profile (right) on the receiving plane
图 4 全向发射天线结构示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the omnidirectional transmitting antenna
表 1 动静信道下传输特性仿真比较
Table 1. Comparison of transmission characteristics under static and dynamic channels
序号 发射功率
/dB·mW静态接收功率
/dB·mW动态接收功率
/dB·mW1 −40.0 −45.1 −45.4 2 −37.0 −42.2 −42.4 3 −35.0 −40.1 −40.2 
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表 2 不同合并算法优缺点比较
Table 2. Comparison of different combining algorithms
序号 算法 性能 复杂度 1 SC 无合并增益 低 2 EGC 合并性能稍差 中等 3 MRC 合并性能最佳 高
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表 3 陆上通信实验结果
Table 3. Terrestrial communication test results
序号 通信距离/m 比特误码率 1 30 0 2 40 0 3 50 0 4 60 0 5 70 0 6 80 1×10−8
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