Recent Progress on Underwater Energy Harvesting Technology for Powering Observation Networks
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摘要: 水下立体观测网络通过实时获取水下环境、水下目标和水下活动等相关信息, 为国家海洋安全、深海能源与资源开发、海洋灾害预警预报等提供重要支撑。然而, 传统基于蓄电池供电的能量供给方式越来越难以满足水下观测网络长时间持续可靠工作需求。为提升水下观测网络的续航能力, 基于水下能量捕获的原位供电技术受到国内外广泛关注。海流能、波浪能具有分布广、持续性强、能量密度高等优势, 因此文中重点关注面向水下立体观测网络供能的海流能与波浪能捕获装置研究进展。根据能量转换方式的不同, 梳理了基于电磁发电、压电、摩擦纳米发电和混合式发电的水下能量捕获技术代表性工作, 对比总结了不同发电形式的优缺点。进一步展望了水下能量捕获技术发展趋势, 为水下观测网络实现原位供能提供了思路。Abstract: Underwater stereo observation networks are critical for acquiring a real-time awareness of the environment, targets, and underwater activities. It forms an essential foundation for national marine security, subsea resource exploitation, and early warning of marine disasters. Traditional battery-based power supplies are becoming increasingly inadequate for supporting the long-term sustainable operation of observation networks. To improve the endurance of underwater observation devices, it is highly desirable to develop in-situ underwater energy harvesting. Because underwater current energy and underwater wave energy have the advantages of extensive distribution, good consistency, and high-power density, this study focuses on the recent progress in underwater current energy and underwater wave energy harvesting for powering underwater observation devices. Based on the differences in energy transfer types, this review summarizes and compares representative studies on underwater energy harvesters based on electromagnetic generators, piezoelectric nanogenerators, triboelectric nanogenerators, and hybrid generators. Furthermore, this review presents the prospects for the future development of underwater energy harvesters. This paper provides an idea for the innovation of in-situ energy supply technology for underwater observation networks.
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图 13 柔性压电薄膜在涡流应力场中的形变
Figure 13. Deformation of flexible piezoelectric films in vortex fields
图 18 P-TENG“蜂箱”结构、工作原理及电能输出
Figure 18. The beehive structure, working principle and electric energy output of P-TENG
图 22 3种水下能量捕获装置工作原理与优缺点分析
Figure 22. Analysis of the working principles and advantages and disadvantages of three underwater energy harvesting devices
图 23 水下能量捕获装置优缺点比对
Figure 23. Comparison diagram of characteristics of underwater energy harvesting devices
表 1 水下能量捕获装置参数列表
Table 1. Parameter list of underwater energy harvesting devices
装置类型 发电形式 主要材料构成 能量来源 电能输出 Faria研发的双线圈能量捕获装置[22] 电磁发电机 永磁铁、线圈 海流能、波浪能 海浪频率为0.4 Hz时发电功率达7.73 mW 深海微流发电机[43] 电磁发电机 永磁铁、叶片 海流能 海流流速为1 m/s时功率可达200 W 低流速海流能发电装置[44] 电磁发电机 — 海流能 额定流速为1 m/s时额定功率500 W Cario设计的海流能捕获装置[48] 电磁发电机 永磁铁、叶片 海流能 海流流速为1 kn时输出功率为4 W 仿生鳗鱼压电装置[39] 压电发电机 PVDF 海流能 在1 m/s的海流下可产生1 W功率 Mutsuda所研发的FPED装置[63] 压电发电机 PVDF 波浪能、海流能 功率密度可达0.7 mW/m2 VIPEC[64] 压电发电机 — 海流能 最大输出电压达2.3 mV, 最大功率密度0.035 μW/m3 直立悬臂梁结构压电能量捕获装置[66] 压电发电机 — 波浪能 最高功率达55 W UF-TENG[76] 摩擦纳米发电机 FEP薄膜、PTFE薄膜等 海流能 流速在0.133 m/s下功率达10 μW SW-TENG[30] 摩擦纳米发电机 FEP薄膜、PTFE薄膜等 波浪能 波浪频率1 Hz时功率达64.4 μW BBW-TENG[81] 摩擦纳米发电机 PTFE球、铜电极等 波浪能 1.25 Hz的波浪频率下功率达1 160 μW WPHG混合型能量捕获装置[89] 电磁发电机、摩擦纳米发电机 永磁铁、FEP膜、铜电极等 海流能 在1 600 r/min的转速下, 功率达11.5 mW 
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