3D Flow Field Characteristics and Hydrodynamic Optimization of Supercavitating Torpedoes Based on THINC/QQ Scheme
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摘要: 为了研究超空泡鱼雷的超空泡形态演化及水动力特性, 采用开源软件OPENFOAM对超空泡鱼雷自然空泡的复杂流动过程进行了三维数值仿真研究。首先, 基于THINC/QQ格式、剪切应力传输k-ω湍流模型以及Schnerr-Sauer空化模型在非结构网格上建立了不可压缩流体体积函数多相流模型, 并通过与水洞实验案例对比验证了该求解器的准确性。在此基础上, 该研究对无尾翼鱼雷模型开展了不同速度、不同空化器形状以及不同表面浸润性条件下的超空泡流动数值仿真, 给出了典型工况下超空泡鱼雷的三维流场演化过程以及水动力变化规律, 对比了多种空化器形状和尺寸参数的超空泡流场和水动力特性。结果表明: 具有一定锥度或者本身阻力系数较小的空化器可有效降低航行阻力, 但因损失空泡体积可能会降低航行稳定性。文中还新颖地研究了鱼雷表面材料亲疏水性及其布置位置对超空泡水动力性能的影响, 可为超空泡减阻领域的相关研究提供参考。Abstract: The OPENFOAM platform was used to perform three-dimensional numerical simulations of the complex flow process of supercavitating torpedoes to investigate the morphological evolution of cavitation and hydrodynamic characteristics of supercavitating torpedoes. A numerical model of the volume of incompressible fluid was developed by integrating the THINC/QQ scheme, shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model, and the accuracy of the solver was comparatively verified by the results of the water tunnel experiments. Furthermore, the supercavitating behaviors were numerically investigated for a tailless torpedo considering crucial parameters including velocity, cavitator shape and surface wettability, and the three-dimensional flow field evolution process and hydrodynamic features of the supercavitating torpedo under typical operating conditions were obtained. In addition, the supercavitating flow field and hydrodynamic features of various cavitators with different shapes and sizes were compared. Results show that a cavitator with a certain taper or a low drag coefficient can effectively decrease the navigating drag. However, the reduced volume of the cavity may affect the stability of navigation. The effect of the hydrophobic material on the torpedo surface and its distribution on the hydrodynamic performance of the supercavitating torpedo was investigated as well. The results can provide some guidance for studies on drag reduction for supercavitating torpedoes.
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Key words:
- supercavitating torpedo /
- cavitator /
- drag reduction
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图 5 空化器后空泡形态数值仿真结果与实验结果对比
Figure 5. Comparison of the cavity behind the cavitator between experimental results and the numerical results
图 6
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.064\; 6}}$ 工况下超空泡形态演化过程Figure 6. Evolution process of supercavity shape at σ=0.064 6
图 7
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.039\; 9}}$ 工况下超空泡形态演化过程Figure 7. Evolution process of supercavity shape at σ=0.039 9
图 8
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.027\; 0}}$ 工况下超空泡形态演化过程Figure 8. Evolution process of supercavity shape at σ=0.027 0
图 9 局部空泡融合位置压力分布
Figure 9. Pressure distribution at the position of partial cavity fusion
图 10 超空泡航行器水动力系数时历曲线
Figure 10. Time-history curves of hydrodynamic coefficients of supercavity vehicle
图 13 不同空化器产生的超空泡轮廓
Figure 13. Contours of supercavity generated by different cavitators
图 14
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.096\; 5}}$ 工况下不同接触角鱼雷阻力系数曲线Figure 14. Drag coefficient curves of torpedoes with different contact angles at
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.096\; 5}}$ 
图 15
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.039\; 9}}$ 工况下不同接触角鱼雷阻力系数曲线Figure 15. Drag coefficient curves of torpedoes with different contact angles at
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.039\; 9}}$ 
图 16
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.030\; 5}}$ 工况下不同接触角鱼雷阻力系数曲线Figure 16. Drag coefficient curves of torpedoes with different contact angles at
${\boldsymbol{\sigma = 0.030\; 5}}$ 
图 17 2种鱼雷在超空泡初期不同接触角下的头部空泡形态
Figure 17. Frontal cavity shapes of two kinds of torpedoes with different contact angles at the initial supercavity stage
图 18 2种鱼雷在超空泡初期不同接触角下的速度场
Figure 18. Velocity field of two kinds of torpedoes with different contact angles at the initial supercavity stage
图 19 使用超疏水表面的位置(红色为超疏水表面)
Figure 19. Positions of superhydrophobic surfaces employed (red color indicates superhydrophobic surfaces)
图 20 不同超疏水位置鱼雷阻力系数曲线
Figure 20. Drag coefficient curves for torpedoes with su- perhydrophobic surfaces at different positions
图 21 不同超疏水位置鱼雷粘性阻力系数曲线
Figure 21. Viscous drag coefficient curves for torpedoes with superhydrophobic surfaces at different positions
表 1 超空泡尺度网格收敛性测试
Table 1. Mesh convergence test on the supercavity scale
网格编号 网格数 特征长度(${{{l_c}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{l_c}} D}} \right. } D} $) 特征直径(${ { {d_c} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom { { {d_c} } D} } \right. } D}$) 网格1 0.85×106 71.126 6.323 网格2 1.14×106 70.364 6.086 网格3 1.74×106 69.238 5.891 网格4 2.51×106 69.725 5.903 
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表 2 超空泡尺度数值结果验证
Table 2. Validation of numerical results of supercavity scale
Reichardt
公式Logvinovich
公式文中
方法相对误差
R/%相对误差
L/%特征长度 67.016 67.142 69.238 3.32 3.17 特征直径 5.744 5.660 5.891 2.56 4.08
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表 3 不同空化器超空泡阶段阻力系数
Table 3. Drag coefficients for different cavitators at the supercavity stage
空化器头型 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) ${C_D}$ 0.127 0.296 0.098 0.075 0.056 0.080
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