水下无人系统学报

A Calibration Method of Underwater Transponder Position Based on Maximum Correntropy

LI Peijuan, YANG Shutao, LI Rui, DU Junfeng, LIU Yiting

2023, 31(5): 661-668. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0063

[Abstract](96) [FullText HTML] (15) [PDF 1590KB](40)

Abstract:
The ultra-short baseline(USBL) positioning system is widely used in the integrated navigation and positioning of underwater vehicles. Knowing the precise position of the transponder is a prerequisite for the application of the USBL system for navigation and positioning. The traditional calibration method of transponder position takes the slant distance as the observational variable. The calibration accuracy is not high, and the robustness is poor. The linearized measurement equation based on the Kalman filter was derived by taking slant distance and bearing angles as observational variables in this paper. In view of the non-Gaussian distribution of noise caused by complex underwater environments, a maximum correntropy filtering method was used to calibrate the position of an underwater acoustic transponder by suppressing outliers. Calibration experiments on the transponder position were carried out under the typical environment of the Yangtze River. Experimental results show that the proposed calibration method has higher calibration accuracy than the traditional method. It has better robustness under outlier interference. After calibration, the positioning accuracy of the USBL system has been improved by 48.3%, 48.2%, and 40.4% in the east-north-up coordinates. It can provide high-precision navigation and positioning functions for underwater vehicles.

3D Angle of Arrival Target Tracking with Unbiased Pseudo-Linear Kalman Filter

ZHAO Wei, HUANG Zihao, HAO Chengpeng

2023, 31(5): 669-678. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0007

[Abstract](75) [FullText HTML] (19) [PDF 1621KB](25)

Abstract:
In the research on 3D angle of arrival target tracking, pseudo-linear Kalman filter(PLKF) has received great attention due to its low computational complexity and insensitivity to initial errors. However, the correlation between the observation matrix and the noise will cause a certain deviation in the target state’s estimation of PLKF. In view of this problem and the actual situation that the observation station has positioning errors, a 3D-modified unbiased pseudo-linear Kalman filter(3D-MUBKF) algorithm was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the overall pseudo-linearization of the azimuth and elevation observation equations was carried out, and the influence of the observation station positioning errors on the tracking accuracy was reduced by modifying the noise covariance matrix. Secondly, by separating the noise in the observation matrix, the estimation bias caused by the correlation between the observation matrix and the observation noise was reduced. The simulation analysis results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improves the accuracy of 3D angle of arrival target tracking in both non-maneuvering and maneuvering scenarios and has low computational complexity.

Ship Collision Avoidance Path Planning Based on Dynamic Domain Potential Field

SUN Shuo, YANG Shaolong, XIANG Xianbo, FAN Xue

2023, 31(5): 679-686. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0058

[Abstract](88) [FullText HTML] (18) [PDF 2744KB](33)

Abstract:
In view of the limitations of traditional artificial potential field collision avoidance path planning in terms of collision avoidance distance and collision avoidance opportunity, a dynamic ship collision avoidance path planning method based on an improved artificial potential field method was proposed. By using the quaternion safety domain, the repulsion force action range of the fixed obstacle in the artificial potential field was improved, and a collision avoidance domain range that was dynamically adjusted according to the ship speed was constructed to replace the potential field range of obstacle repulsion force with a fixed threshold, so as to realize the collision avoidance distance from static to dynamic. A variable adjustment angle was added to the sub-target setting method with an adaptive setting radius to change the distance between the sub-target point and the obstacle, so as to solve the problem of local minimum and path jitter when there are large obstacles. The improved algorithm could build adaptive collision avoidance domains according to different ship speeds and realize dynamic adjustment of ship collision avoidance distance. With the goal of ensuring safety, the improved algorithm could reduce unnecessary collision threats and collision avoidance behaviors caused by an excessively conservative collision avoidance distance. When the velocity is 1 m/s, the dynamic domain potential field method saves 8% and 9% of the voyage, respectively, compared with the traditional artificial potential field method with the potential field range of repulsion force of 100 and 200 m. Real chart simulation experiments confirmed the viability of the proposed collision avoidance path planning algorithm and realized the safe collision avoidance path planning of ships in complicated scenarios with large obstacles.

Identification of Unmanned Surface Vehicle Maneuverability Parameters Based on Improved WLSSVM

ZHANG Haisheng, DONG Zaopeng, YANG Lian, ZHANG Zhengqi, QI Shijie, LI Jiakang

2023, 31(5): 687-695. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0044

[Abstract](48) [FullText HTML] (10) [PDF 1691KB](9)

Abstract:
A cosine processing method was designed to achieve high-precision identification modeling of unmanned surface vehicle(USV) maneuvering motion and address the issue that some parameters will be inaccurately identified when the second-order nonlinear response model of USVs is identified by least square support vector machine(LSSVM). On this premise, a weighted LSSVM(WLSSVM) algorithm that could optimize the weight was proposed. The algorithm was based on the idea of data weighting and used the adaptive particle swarm optimization technique with a mutation approach. Based on simulation data and actual ship data, the identification results indicate that the model after cosine reconstruction effectively handles the problem of inaccurate parameter identification. At the same time, the WLSSVM with optimized weights has better prediction accuracy for parameter identification modeling. The research findings can serve as a reference for high-precision parameter identification modeling of USV maneuvering motion.

Target Surround Tracking Method of USVs Based on Perception Information

SONG Jiguang, LI Delong, FENG Liang, LIU Yang, LIN Yang, SUN Tieming

2023, 31(5): 696-702. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.202206011

[Abstract](85) [FullText HTML] (19) [PDF 1441KB](27)

Abstract:
Unmanned surface vehicle(USV), as an intelligent surface tool, can realize basic functions such as navigation control, as well as surface target recognition and perception. However, with the diversification of engineering requirements, such as search and rescue missions oriented to wrecked freighter, unknown ship feature recognition, and wrecked aircraft, these basic functions fail to complete the task. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to track the target stably and complete 360-degree scanning. In this paper, based on the perceptual target information, a target surround tracking method was proposed for target detection. After estimating the target motion state from the sensing information, the virtual target point tracking algorithm was used to calculate the desired heading and velocity. The heading controller and speed controller were used to control the position and attitude of the USV. At the same time, a re-planning and tracking strategy was added to adapt to the complex environment of the water surface and the error disturbance of the information provided by the sensing equipment. The USV model identification method was used to obtain the model and build a simulation platform for simulation verification. The actual flight test proves the rationality of the algorithm design.

A Modeling Method of Ship Acoustic Wake Echo Signal

YANG Changsheng, GOU Wenbo, LIANG Hong

2023, 31(5): 703-709. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0035

[Abstract](62) [FullText HTML] (11) [PDF 1616KB](20)

Abstract:
It is an important way to study the ship wake by building simulation data through the acoustic wake echo signal model. At present, the scattering echo of a single bubble is ignored in the existing models. Therefore, a point scattering model for different regions was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the wake geometry model was determined according to the ship size, speed, and sea condition, and then the wake was divided into different scattering regions according to the bubble size distribution(BSD). The range of the wake homing system was determined according to the beam width, position, and launch angle of the transmitting and receiving platform. Finally, the range of the wake homing system was divided into finite scattering elements, and the scattering echo signal was calculated according to the point scattering model after considering the propagation loss. The results of simulation and water tank experiments show that the model can be used in ship wake simulation and provide support for further wake detection and identification.

Research on Spectral Characteristics of Wake Bubble Curtain

FANG Xueli, ZHANG Jiansheng

2023, 31(5): 710-714. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0020

[Abstract](50) [FullText HTML] (10) [PDF 2267KB](13)

Abstract:
When the ship is sailing, the bubble curtain is generated due to the stirring of the propeller and the influence of the air and sea water, and a wake is formed at the tail of the ship. At present, the research on wake optics mainly focuses on macroscopic sea surface imaging to determine the shape of the wake and the scattering characteristics of the underwater wake bubble curtain. Few scholars have studied the spectral characteristics of the wake bubble curtain. In view of this, the wake bubble curtain was simulated by the generator designed in the laboratory, and the change process of the bubble, including the size and force of the bubble, was analyzed. An optical fiber spectrum acquisition system was used to obtain the transmission spectra of the bubble curtain under different pressures, and the spectral characteristics of the wake bubble curtain under different pressures were analyzed. The results show that the transmission spectrum distribution is roughly the same under different experimental conditions; the bubble concentration has a great influence on the measured values of the spectrum, and higher bubble concentration indicates lower transmission; the measured value of the spectrum is also affected by the different degrees of attenuation of light in different bands in the air. Among them, the long-wave transmission is larger, so the air more absorbs light in the band of 430–550 nm. In comparison, the transmission in the band of 600–730 nm is high.

A Cooperative Search Algorithm Based on Improved Probability Map of Target Acoustic Information for Multiple UUVs

YANG Huizhen, ZHOU Zhuoyu, LI Yuan

2023, 31(5): 715-724. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0036

[Abstract](59) [FullText HTML] (5) [PDF 1401KB](30)

Abstract:
In view of the cooperative target search of multiple unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs) in unknown environments, a cooperative search algorithm based on an improved probability map of target acoustic information for multiple UUVs was proposed. An improved probability map based on target acoustic information, UUV occupancy information, target existence probability, and environment certainty was established, making the UUV’s perception of dynamic search environment and target information more accurate and comprehensive. In addition, an improved particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm based on a learning mechanism and adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism was put forward, which introduced the mutation strategy of adaptive differential evolution algorithm based on linear population size reduction and extensive learning mechanism into the PSO algorithm. By generating mutated particles with adaptive adjustment parameters and increasing particle diversity, local optimality was reduced, and search efficiency was improved in multi-UUV target search applications. The simulation program was developed, and the Monte Carlo method was employed to analyze the multi-UUV search efficiency. Simulation results show that compared with the PSO search algorithm based on traditional probability maps, the proposed multi-UUV collaborative search method takes less time and finds more targets under the same conditions, so it has obvious advantages in dynamic target search.

Acoustic Scattering Analysis of Underwater Elastic Spherical Shell under Point Sound Source Incidence

ZHENG Jinyan, CHEN Meixia, DONG Wenkai

2023, 31(5): 725-734. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0053

[Abstract](130) [FullText HTML] (14) [PDF 1700KB](27)

Abstract:
In order to study the acoustic scattering of underwater targets, the conversion factor of plane wave and spherical wave of point sound source was calculated on the basis of the analytical solution of the classical Rayleigh normal series, combined with the expression of Green’s function in the spherical coordinate system. Based on the scattered sound field of the elastic spherical shell under the incidence of plane wave, the scattered sound field of the elastic spherical shell under the incidence of point sound source was solved, and finite element verification was carried out. On this basis, the target strength of typical spherical targets were calculated and analyzed. From the perspective of target strength, the distance from the center of the sphere and the point sound source was quantified, and the condition that the spherical wave was approximately equivalent to the plane wave was proposed. The results show that the peak value of the target strength curve of the sphere will shift relative to the incidence of plane wave when the point sound source is near the sphere. In addition, the spherical wave can be approximated to the plane wave incidence with the dimensionless frequency ka < 50, and the distance between the point sound source and the spherical center is related to the radius and thickness of the spherical shell. The results can provide a theoretical reference for the detection, identification, and underwater acoustic measurement experiments of underwater targets.

Research on Virtual Array Transform Method of Uniform Bicircular Array

REN Xiaoying, WANG Yingmin, ZHANG Lichen, WANG Qi, LIAN Jie

2023, 31(5): 735-745. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.202206012

[Abstract](95) [FullText HTML] (13) [PDF 1659KB](23)

Abstract:
In order to solve the problem of insufficient target discrimination and spatial resolution caused by the limited aperture of a bicircular array in the aerial sonar system, a virtual array transform method that could expand the aperture of the bicircular array was proposed. In the proposed method, the relationship between the signal model of the bicircular array in the modal domain and that of the double linear array in the array element domain was analyzed, and the sampling matrix and phase rotation matrix were designed to transform the uniform bicircular array into a uniform double linear array. Then, the effects of array element position error, mutual coupling between array elements, and observation angle error in the actual bicircular array were considered. By using the least square criterion, an optimization model was proposed to approximate the actual bicircular array to a uniform double linear array. The iterative solution method was also given. Compared with the synthetic aperture method, the proposed method is a preprocessing of the array manifold and has no special requirements for the motion characteristics of the array in the actual application scene. Compared with the transform method in the modal domain, the proposed method can reflect the array element spacing and the spacing between two linear arrays of the double linear array and make full use of the advantages of the double linear array compared with the single linear array. The results of the simulation experiment and water tank experiment show that the aperture of the bicircular array is expanded; the main lobe of the virtual array beam pattern is narrower, and the sidelobe is lower than that of the bicircular array beam pattern, which effectively improves spatial resolution and target discrimination.

Continuous Wave Signal Detection Based on Weight Vector under Colored Gaussian Noise

DAI Zhen, WU Jiwei, YIN Meifang

2023, 31(5): 746-749. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0067

[Abstract](73) [FullText HTML] (6) [PDF 796KB](9)

Abstract:
Signal detection under colored Gaussian noise needs pre-white processing. In view of this, a signal detection method based on a weight vector was proposed. Firstly, the test statistics were constructed based on the weight vector, and its detection performance was analyzed. On this basis, the optimal weight vector under the N-P criterion was derived, and its equivalence with the generalized matched filter was proved. By constructing a suitable weight vector, it was proved that there was no need for prewhitening when continuous wave signals were detected in big data records, which significantly improved the detection efficiency. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the detection method.

Influence of Design Parameters of High-Speed Undersea Vehicles with X-Shaped All-Movable Rudder and Cross-Shaped Fin on Maneuverability

ZHANG Rui

2023, 31(5): 750-759. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0057

[Abstract](102) [FullText HTML] (16) [PDF 1841KB](38)

Abstract:
Parameterized shape of the undersea vehicle with X-shaped full-rudder and cross-shaped fin layout was established.The function of the fluid dynamic coefficient of the undersea vehicle with the size of each part was established by the principle of component superposition. The relationship between the fluid dynamics, steering stability, maneuverability of the vehicle and the hydrodynamic coefficient was established. Under the premise of the size range of each component, the sample interval of the design variables was obtained by optimizing the hypercube Latin sampling. The experimental design idea was used to analyze the influence degree of the design parameters on the maneuverability of the vehicle, the sensitivity of maneuverability to changes in design parameters was analyzed as well. The results showed that the high-speed undersea vehicle with X-shaped full-rudder and cross-shaped fin layout has good maneuverability. When the design parameters change within the constraint range, the dynamic stability of the longitudinal plane G_y and the lateral plane G_z are both above 0.4. The maneuverability of the vehicle as well as the negative buoyancy of the vehicle and the relative position of the center of gravity and the center of buoyancy have a significant impact on the G_y and G_z, and have a negative effect presented; the chord length and the length of the rudder section of the full rudder have the greatest impact on the maneuverability of the vehicle. The rudder section chord length and extension have the greatest influence on the maneuverability of the vehicle, and the full rudder should be designed as a large aspect ratio rudder and installed as close as possible to the tail.

Dynamic Characteristics of Propellant Supply System Using Nitrogen

WANG Qian, QIN Kan, HAO Changle, ZHANG Anjing, LUO Kai, DANG Jianjun

2023, 31(5): 760-770. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.202205007

[Abstract](64) [FullText HTML] (10) [PDF 2146KB](13)

Abstract:
Whether the fuel supply system can quickly supply the fuel to the combustion chamber with a certain mass flow rate and proportion for engine acting is a key factor during the torpedo start-up process. A one-dimensional compressible numerical simulation program suitable for torpedo energy supply systems was established to simulate the dynamic characteristics of typical torpedo propellant supply systems using nitrogen extrusion. The one-dimensional program was verified against the results from classical literature and Fluent numerical simulation method, and good agreement was achieved. The program could be used to simulate the unsteady flow within the propellant supply system model. The effects of valve diameter, high-pressure chamber pressure, and propellant chamber volume on the dynamic response characteristics of the propellant supply system model were then studied. The results show that with the increase in the valve diameter, the balance time of the system can be shortened, and the effect of the high-pressure chamber pressure on the system balance time is mitigated. Within the studied range, the increase in the propellant chamber volume will also lead to the extension of the system balance time and the eventual reduction of the stable pressure.

Kalman Filter-Based Closed Cycle Steam Temperature Processing Method

GAO Huizhong, LIU Yang, MA Weifeng, ZONG Xiao, GUO Zhaoyuan

2023, 31(5): 771-777. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0089

[Abstract](64) [FullText HTML] (17) [PDF 1748KB](10)

Abstract:
Li/SF₆ energy system is a new type of high energy power source, which can support the construction of a closed cycle power system for underwater equipment due to its high energy density and no product emission. As a key feedback parameter that affects the reaction process, the helical tube outlet temperature in the energy system will impact the precision and stability of the system control under the disturbance of measurement noise and system noise, bringing a negative effect on the reliability of the vehicle. In this paper, the steam outlet temperature curve was obtained by one-dimensional distributed parameter simulation. In view of the shortcomings of common noise reduction methods, an online noise reduction method based on Kalman filter principle was proposed. By comparing with the conventional sliding average filtering and first-order low-pass filtering methods, it can be seen that the proposed method has distinct advantages in terms of error probability distribution and signal-to-noise ratio. Besides, it can shorten the stable time and improve the dynamic characteristics of the system.

Analysis of Anti-Submarine Operational Efficiency for Suspended Aviation Homing Depth Charge

ZHAO Shendong, YE Licong, CAO Junlong, LI Juwei

2023, 31(5): 778-782. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0069

[Abstract](78) [FullText HTML] (18) [PDF 1034KB](20)

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In order to effectively improve the effectiveness of submarine attack, a working mode of a suspended aviation depth charge can be adopted to improve the hit probability of aviation homing depth charge. Specifically, the suspended aviation depth charge detects the submarine near the surface and then sinks to attack the target found. By analyzing the working process of the suspended aviation homing depth charge, the hit probability model was established, and the law of motion in depth and the condition for hitting the submarine were provided. By using the Monte Carlo method, the main factors affecting the hit probability of the suspended aviation homing depth charge were analyzed, and the general principle of setting the application scenario and suspension time was given.

Torpedo Hit Probability Prediction Method Based on Deep Neural Network

LI Xuhui, GUO Xiaohui, CHENG Shuai, LI Bin

2023, 31(5): 783-788. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.202206004

[Abstract](105) [FullText HTML] (9) [PDF 1414KB](29)

Abstract:
In order to further improve the prediction ability of torpedo hit probability, a torpedo hit probability prediction method based on deep neural network(DNN) was proposed. Firstly, the situation characteristic information was extracted, and the desired situation space was set. In addition, the large sample data set of torpedo operation was constructed based on the Monte-Carlo method. On this basis, the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm was used to calculate the optimal gradient direction, which improved the computational efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, two typical operational application modes were given based on the model. Experimental results show that the proposed DNN-based prediction model has higher recognition accuracy than other typical intelligent algorithms, which verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the model.

Rectification Analysis and Verification on Electromagnetic Compatibility of Torpedo Support Equipment

ZHANG Yiwen, SUN Kaifeng, ZHAI Fengtao, CHEN Jing

2023, 31(5): 789-793. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.202204009

[Abstract](44) [FullText HTML] (9) [PDF 2090KB](13)

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The index of torpedo support equipment exceeds the standard in electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) test. In view of this problem, the composition and electromagnetic characteristics of the equipment were analyzed, and the weak links in the EMC design of the equipment were determined. Targeted rectification measures such as chassis shielding treatment, power filter introduction, and internal and external cable treatment were taken. The comparison test shows that the conducted emission and radiation emission indexes of the equipment are significantly reduced after rectification, which meets the limit lines of the national military standard. It proves that the rectification measures are effective and can provide a reference for the EMC rectification of other equipment.

Fusion Processing Method of Internal and External Torpedo Trajectories’ Data Based on Time Difference Weighting

DENG Nanming

2023, 31(5): 794-797. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0054

[Abstract](64) [FullText HTML] (10) [PDF 1080KB](10)

Abstract:
The torpedo trajectory data with high precision and high sampling frequency are needed for evaluating torpedo over-target situation and non-triggered fuze action function when torpedo sea trial results are evaluated. However, it is difficult to meet the evaluation requirements only by means of internal and external torpedo trajectory measurement data, and there is no applicable trajectory fusion method. In view of this, a fusion processing method of internal and external torpedo trajectories’ data based on the time difference weighting method was proposed, which combined the advantages of internal and external torpedo trajectories. The torpedo trajectory obtained by fusion has the advantages of high precision and high sampling frequency, which can fully meet the trajectory requirements for evaluating torpedo over-target situation and non-triggered fuze action function, and it has practical value in the torpedo trial field.

Influence of Battlefield Currents on Operational Effectiveness of Tube-Launched Torpedo Anti-Submarine

CHENG Shuai, LI Bin, HUANG Huahong, CHEN Jiajie

2023, 31(5): 798-803. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.202203013

[Abstract](62) [FullText HTML] (12) [PDF 1213KB](18)

Abstract:
The existence of ocean currents has a certain impact on the sonar state, torpedoes, and targets during anti-submarine operation. In severe cases, it may even affect the result of the operation. The anti-submarine operation of a surface ship was taken as an example, and a full-process simulation of the anti-submarine combat under various scenarios was carried out to study the influence of ocean currents on the operational effectiveness of anti-submarine. By constructing mathematical models of ocean current, sonar error, torpedo motion, and homing detection error, setting up various scenarios, and employing simulation software, the operation effectiveness of tube-launched anti-submarine torpedoes under different ocean current directions was analyzed. The simulation results show that the current direction during anti-submarine operation in different attack positions has different degrees of influence on the hit probability of the torpedo. When the main heading angle between the current and the torpedo is set between 0° and 90°, the hit probability of the torpedo is greatly improved compared with that in the case of no current. However, when the angle between the current and the torpedo heading is between −180° and 0°, the hit probability of the torpedo is lower than that in the case of no current. Obtaining the current intensity and direction in the operation area can provide support for finely predicting the operation capability of the tube-launched anti-submarine torpedo and optimizing the tube-launched anti-submarine shooting parameters.

Method of Determination and Life Assessment for Life-Limited Parts of Torpedoes

CUI Canli, QU Dawei, XIE Chengfu, JIANG Chengkun

2023, 31(5): 804-811. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0046

[Abstract](57) [FullText HTML] (17) [PDF 1026KB](18)

Abstract:
In order to ensure the high availability and high success of torpedoes in war, it is urgent to carry out research on the division and life assessment of life-limited parts in maintenance support. In view of torpedoes suitable for multiple platforms, based on the reliability-centered maintenance(RCM) theory, the environmental stress of torpedoes at different stages was analyzed. The determination principle and selection principle of life characterization parameters of life-limited parts of torpedoes were proposed. On this basis, the life characteristic functions under different distributions were studied in detail. At the same time, the assessment method of life-limited parts was proposed according to different life data of torpedoes, and a practical application case was given, which provided technical support for the subsequent formulation of scientific and reasonable maintenance support schemes for torpedoes.

Research Progress and Prospects of Aluminum-Water Batteries

TANG Yunqing, CHEN Xingyuan, XU Zheng, LIU Chenfan, ZHANG Liangliang, LIU Pingan

2023, 31(5): 812-819. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2022-0055

[Abstract](109) [FullText HTML] (26) [PDF 980KB](30)

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The demand for underwater power sources is increasing as marine activities increase, and unmanned undersea vehicles(UUVs) develop. Aluminum is a promising anode material due to its high specific capacity, high electrochemical activity, and low cost. Aluminum-water batteries with aluminum alloy as anode, hydrogen evolution material as cathode, and seawater as electrolyte have specific energy and specific power of 400 Wh/kg and 35 W/L, respectively. These batteries are widely applied in aerospace, automotive, military, and other fields. This paper elaborated on the working principle of aluminum-water batteries and reviewed the research progress of aluminum alloy anodes, hydrogen evolution cathodes, and electrolyte materials. Then, it summarized the development process and the existing challenges of aluminum-water battery prototypes and listed the applications of aluminum-water batteries in UUVs, underwater energy stations, and underwater preset weapon systems. Finally, this paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of aluminum-water batteries, as well as their future development direction, so as to provide a reference for the application of aluminum-water batteries in UUVs, oceanographic buoys, underwater workstations, and other underwater equipment in the future.

2023, 31(5): 820-820.

[Abstract](44) [FullText HTML] (17) [PDF 238KB](16)

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2023 Vol. 31, No. 5

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