A Review of Research Progress on Liquid Metal-Driven Soft Robotics

CAI Yueyao; WANG Shenlong

doi:10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0080

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Article Navigation > Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems > 2025 > Accepted Manuscript

CAI Yueyao, WANG Shenlong. A Review of Research Progress on Liquid Metal-Driven Soft Robotics[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0080

Citation:

CAI Yueyao, WANG Shenlong. A Review of Research Progress on Liquid Metal-Driven Soft Robotics[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0080

CAI Yueyao, WANG Shenlong. A Review of Research Progress on Liquid Metal-Driven Soft Robotics[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0080

Citation:

CAI Yueyao, WANG Shenlong. A Review of Research Progress on Liquid Metal-Driven Soft Robotics[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems. doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0080

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A Review of Research Progress on Liquid Metal-Driven Soft Robotics

doi: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2025-0080

CAI Yueyao,
WANG Shenlong^,

School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

Received Date: 2025-06-27
Accepted Date: 2025-08-18
Rev Recd Date: 2025-08-14

Available Online: 2025-09-08

Abstract

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of key technologies in soft robotics, liquid metals have emerged as a focus in this field due to their unique properties, including low melting point, high electrical conductivity, superior thermal conductivity, and excellent fluidity. Gallium-based alloys have significantly enhanced their auxiliary application potential in actuation systems through approaches like magnetic reinforcement, electroactive enhancement, and structural optimization. As conductive materials and flexible electrodes, they demonstrate further promise in actuation, sensing, and multi-degree-of-freedom(multi-DOF) motion through approaches like magnetic reinforcement, electroactive enhancement, and structural optimization. This review systematically summarizes the functional characteristics, actuation mechanisms, and sensing technologies of liquid metals, with particular emphasis on their current applications and challenges in underwater soft robotics. To date, liquid metal-based actuators have achieved diverse actuation modes, including electrothermal, electrochemical, and magnetic driving mechanisms, while corresponding sensors have made breakthroughs in high-sensitivity strain detection, pressure sensing, and multimodal signal monitoring. Nevertheless, the realization of multi-DOF motion in underwater environments still faces technical challenges, such as complex actuation mechanisms, insufficient material stability, and imperfect control systems. Future research needs to further overcome these technical bottlenecks to advance the practical application of liquid metal-driven underwater soft robots.
- liquid metal,
- soft robotics,
- multi-degree-of-freedom motion,
- underwater applications,
- actuation and sensing

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References(102)

References

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