Overview of Underwater Electric Filed Measurement Technology Research
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摘要: 水下电场具有场源复杂、动态范围大、频带宽的特征, 高精度观测难度大, 对观测方式、测量传感器、仪器装备和信号处理方法均提出了较高要求。水下电场测量技术广泛应用于水下目标探测、地球物理勘探、深部地质构造研究和物理海洋等多个学科领域。文中简要回顾了水下电场测量技术发展历程; 总结了国内外研究现状; 归纳了水下电场测量技术研究中的关键问题与难点; 综述了水下电场测量技术相关设备、平台和信号处理方法; 分别列举了在水下目标探测、地球物理勘探、深部地质构造研究和物理海洋观测等多个学科领域代表性的应用案例; 分析了当前水下测量技术存在的问题与不足; 在此基础上展望了技术发展前景, 提出了部分建设性建议。Abstract: Underwater electric fields have the characteristics of complex field sources, high dynamic range, and broad frequency band, making high-precision observation difficult. They put forward high requirements for observation methods, measurement sensors, instrument equipment, and signal processing methods. Underwater electric field measurement technology is widely used in various disciplines such as underwater target detection, geophysical exploration, deep geological structure research, and physical oceanography. This paper briefly reviewed the development process of underwater electric field measurement technology, summarized the current research in China and abroad, and clarified the key issues and difficulties in the research on underwater electric field measurement technology. The paper also reviewed the equipment, platform, and signal processing methods related to underwater electric field measurement technology, listed representative application cases in multiple disciplines such as underwater target detection, geophysical exploration, deep geological structure research, and physical ocean observation separately, and analyzed the problems and shortcomings of current underwater electric field measurement technology. On this basis, the prospects for technological development were envisioned, and some constructive suggestions were put forward.
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图 4 多电极极差漂移测试结果(编号A~I)
Figure 4. Potential drift test result of multiple electrodes (No. A–I)
图 6 镍基氧化物薄膜电极
Figure 6. Principle of electric field sensor with nickel-based oxide film
图 8 低注入电荷斩波放大器与传统斩波放大器噪声功率谱密度对比曲线
Figure 8. Noise power spectrum density curves of chopper amplifier with low injection charge and traditional chopper ampllifier
图 11 挪威PGS公司的拖曳电磁探测系统
Figure 11. Towed electromagnetic detection system from PGS, Norway
图 12 美国Scripps海洋研究所的深拖可控源电磁探测系统
Figure 12. Deep towed electric field measurement device from SIO, USA
图 13 中国地质大学(北京)的拖曳电场接收机测量节点
Figure 13. Towed electric field receiver measurement node from China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
图 19 直流电阻率剖面方法探测水下目标示意图
Figure 19. Direct current resistivity profile method for detecting underwater targets
图 20 琼东南海域水合物可控源电磁探测电阻率模型
Figure 20. Resistivity model of hydrate in southeast sea area of Hainan Province by Controlled Source Electromagnetic detection
图 21 PGS的EM streamer拖曳系统油气勘探应用案例
Figure 21. Oil and gas exploration application case of EMstreamer towing system from PGS
图 22 西南印度洋硫化物探测自然电位测量应用
Figure 22. self-potential measurement application for sulphide detection in southwest Indian Ocean
图 24 2011年日本海底地震引起的海啸电场时间序列
Figure 24. Electric field time series of tsunami caused by Japan undersea earthquake in 2011
表 1 各种水下电极原理及优势对比
Table 1. Comparison of principles and advantages of various underwater electrodes
材质 工作原理 优势 不足 氯化银 借助海水中氯离子与氯化银离子交换实现电位传递 极差稳定、低噪声、宽频带 维护难、寿命受限、成本高 碳纤维 利用表面双电层的变化将外界电场转化为电信号 皮实耐用、低成本 低频响应有待提高 镍基氧化物 氢致相变原理, 外部电场变化导致镍基氧化物薄膜的电阻率变化 单点观测电场, 无需大极距 噪声、带宽有待提升 钽/氧化钽电极 氧化膜形成双电层电容 适合快速布放、无需特殊保养、长寿命 低频阻抗大 
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表 2 不同平台电场测量应用场景对比
Table 2. Application scenarios of electric field measurement on different platforms
测量平台 典型应用场景 优势 不足 海床基 油气、水合物资源探测, 深部构造研究, 水下目标电磁隐身评价 本底噪声低、成本低 实时数据传输难(海底观测网除外)、存在回收风险、作业效率低 拖曳阵浮标 油气、水合物、硫化物资源探测, 水下目标探测水下目标识别 横向分辨率高、实时数据传输、作业效率高、
布放快速探测深度浅、本底噪声大、信噪比低 UUV 硫化物资源探测、水下目标攻防 自主移动测量、小范围精细探测 成本高、平台本底噪声抑制难
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表 3 MT噪声抑制方法对比表
Table 3. Comparison table of MT noise suppression methods
步骤 方法 优势 不足 时间序列处理 时域多道叠加 抑制高斯噪声 对相关噪声无效 形态滤波 抑制大尺度噪声 有用信号可能受影响 同步时间依赖 直接恢复含干扰数据段 需要足够长度的高信噪比数据为前提 频谱估计 小波分析 抑制高斯噪声和局部相关噪声 母小波选择难, 对强相关噪声抑制效果不够 广义S变换 提高噪声定位能力, 改善MT阻抗张量元素的统计特性 仅实现时频分析, 还需借助其他时频滤波方法 HHT 对简单频率成分噪声有效 对强干扰噪声效果差, 计算量大 功率谱估计 远参考 有效抑制相关噪声 参考站难选, 可能导致误差棒增大 多站Robust处理 有效抑制局部相关噪声 以多数高信噪比站位数据为前提 张量阻抗估算 最小二乘法 抑制高斯噪声 无法剔除少数“飞点”数据 Robust估计 抑制“飞点”数据 对输入端噪声和相关噪声无效
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