Research on Process of Longitudinal Vibration Underwater Acoustic Transducer Based on Acousto-Solid-Piezoelectric Coupling
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摘要: 目前纵振水声换能器的设计过程只针对理想状态, 实际过程中生产工艺环节对后期换能器的相关电声性能也有一定影响。文中利用有限元分析软件, 分别建立陶瓷环涂胶有限元模型、陶瓷环装配同轴度有限元模型以及预紧力装配有限元模型, 完成了对相关模型电声性能的仿真分析。对比结果发现: 换能器涂胶粘接可以通过填补各零件端面间的微小空隙来提高压电陶瓷环的整体刚性, 进而使得综合弹性模量增大, 从而导致谐振频率增加, 换能器谐振频率随着粘接层厚度增大而减小, 随着残胶层厚度增大而增大; 陶瓷环装配同轴度高的换能器对应频率处电导也越高且发送电压响应曲线更加平滑, 毛刺明显减少; 施加到预紧力螺栓的预紧力越大, 带匹配层的换能器1阶和2阶谐振频率均增大且对应电导及发送电压响应也发生变化。经过水池试验, 对比分析了仿真结果与试验结果, 其测试结果与仿真结果趋势具有较好的一致性。Abstract: Currently, the design process of longitudinal vibration underwater acoustic transducers only focuses on ideal conditions, but the production process has a certain impact on the relevant electroacoustic performance of the underwater acoustic transducers. In this paper, finite element analysis software was used to establish finite element models for ceramic ring coating, ceramic ring assembly coaxiality, and pre-tensioning assembly to simulate and analyze the electroacoustic performance of the models. By comparing the results, it is found that the adhesive bonding of the transducer by filling the small gaps between the end faces of each component can improve the overall stiffness of the piezoelectric ceramic ring, thereby increasing the overall elastic modulus and causing an increase in resonance frequency. The resonance frequency of the transducer decreases as the thickness of the adhesive layer increases, and it increases as the thickness of the residual glue layer increases. Transducers with high coaxiality of ceramic ring assembly have higher conductivity at the corresponding frequency and a smoother voltage response curve, with significantly reduced burrs. As the pre-tensioning force applied to the pre-tensioning bolt increases, the first and second resonance frequencies of the transducer with a matching layer increase, and the corresponding conductivity and voltage response change. After a water pool test, the simulation results are compared with the experimental results, and the trend of the test results is consistent with that of the simulation results.
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图 2 压电常数随预紧力变化
Figure 2. Variation of piezoelectric constants with pre-tensioning force
图 5 压电陶瓷环极化方向和电连接示意图
Figure 5. Polarization direction and electrical connection of piezoelectric ceramic ring
图 6 空气中粘接层对换能器电导影响仿真曲线
Figure 6. Simulation curves of the effect of adhesive layer on conductivity of transducer in air
图 7 空气中残胶层对换能器电导影响仿真曲线
Figure 7. Simulation curves of the effect of residual glue layer on conductivity of transducer in air
图 8 空气中同轴和非同轴换能器电导随频率变化仿真曲线
Figure 8. Simulation curves of conductivity with frequency of coaxial and non-coaxial transducers in air
图 9 水中同轴和非同轴换能器TVR随频率变化仿真曲线
Figure 9. Simulation curves of TVR with frequency of coaxial and non-coaxial underwater transducers
图 10 2种预紧力下换能器中应力分布
Figure 10. Stress distribution in transducers under two pre-tensioning forces
图 11 空气中2种预紧力下换能器电导随频率变化仿真曲线
Figure 11. Simulation curves of conductivity with frequency of transducer under two pre-tensioning forces in air
图 12 空气中2种预紧力下匹配层换能器电导随频率变化仿真曲线
Figure 12. Simulation curves of conductivity with frequency of transducer with a matching layer under two pre-tensioning forces in air
图 13 水中2种预紧力下TVR随频率变化曲线
Figure 13. Simulation curves of TVR with frequency under two pre-tensioning forces in water
图 15 粘接层对换能器电导影响的仿真与实验对比
Figure 15. Comparison of simulation and experimental data on effect of adhesive layer on conductivity of transducer
图 16 残胶层对换能器电导影响的仿真与实验对比
Figure 16. Comparison of simulation and experimental data on effect of residual glue layer on conductivity of transducers
图 17 非同轴装配方式下换能器TVR仿真与实验对比
Figure 17. Comparison of simulation and experimental data of TVR for non-coaxial assembly mode of transducer
图 18 2种螺栓预紧力下电导随频率变化的仿真与实验数据对比
Figure 18. Comparison of simulation and experimental data of conductivity variation with frequency under two bolt pre-tensioning force levels
图 19 2种螺栓预紧力下TVR仿真与实验对比
Figure 19. Comparison of simulation and experimental data of TVR under two bolt pre-tensioning force levels
表 1 PZT-4材料参数
Table 1. PZT-4 material parameters
名称 材料参数 弹性常数/GPa $ C_{11}^E $ $ C_{12}^E $ $ C_{13}^E $ $ C_{33}^E $ $ C_{44}^E $ $ C_{66}^E $ 139 77.8 74.3 115 25.6 30.6 压电应力常数/
[10–10×(N·m−2)]${ {{e} }_{15} }$ ${ {{e} }_{31} }$ ${ {{e} }_{33} }$ 12.7 −5.2 15.1 相对介
电常数$ \varepsilon _{11}^S/{\varepsilon _0} $ $ \varepsilon _{22}^S/{\varepsilon _0} $ $ \varepsilon _{33}^S/{\varepsilon _0} $ 730 730 635 
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表 2 空气中同轴和非同轴换能器性能参数
Table 2. Performance parameters of coaxial and non-coaxial transducers in air
模型 1阶谐振
频率/kHz1阶电导/mS 2阶谐振
频率/kHz2阶电导/mS 同轴 21.4 5.25 36.0 2.90 非同轴 21.2 4.04 35.8 1.84
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表 3 空气中2种预紧力下换能器性能参数列表
Table 3. Performance parameters of transducer under two pre-tensioning forces in air
预紧力/N·m 1阶谐振
频率/kHz1阶电导/mS 2阶谐振
频率/kHz2阶电导/mS 5.7 25.0 5.09 — — 5.7 20.2 2.75 35.8 1.85 10.7 26.0 5.50 — — 10.7 20.8 4.16 36.0 2.10
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