Research Progress and Prospects of Aluminum-Water Batteries
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摘要: 随着海洋活动的增多和无人水下航行器(UUV)的不断发展, 对水下动力电源的需求日益增加。Al具有高比容、高电化学活性以及低成本等优点, 是一种极具发展前景的阳极材料。以Al合金为阳极、析氢材料为阴极、海水为电解液的Al-水电池的比能量和比功率分别可达400 Wh/kg和35 W/L, 被广泛应用于航天、汽车及军事等不同领域。文中阐述了Al-水电池的工作原理; 归纳了近期Al合金阳极、析氢阴极以及电解液材料的研究进展; 概括了Al-水电池样机的发展历程及现阶段存在的问题; 列举了Al-水电池在UUV、水下能源站及水下预置武器系统等方面的应用; 最后, 分析了Al-水电池的优缺点以及未来的发展方向, 以期对未来应用于UUV、海上浮标及水下工作站等水下装备的Al-水电池的研究发展提供参考。Abstract: The demand for underwater power sources is increasing as marine activities increase, and unmanned undersea vehicles(UUVs) develop. Aluminum is a promising anode material due to its high specific capacity, high electrochemical activity, and low cost. Aluminum-water batteries with aluminum alloy as anode, hydrogen evolution material as cathode, and seawater as electrolyte have specific energy and specific power of 400 Wh/kg and 35 W/L, respectively. These batteries are widely applied in aerospace, automotive, military, and other fields. This paper elaborated on the working principle of aluminum-water batteries and reviewed the research progress of aluminum alloy anodes, hydrogen evolution cathodes, and electrolyte materials. Then, it summarized the development process and the existing challenges of aluminum-water battery prototypes and listed the applications of aluminum-water batteries in UUVs, underwater energy stations, and underwater preset weapon systems. Finally, this paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of aluminum-water batteries, as well as their future development direction, so as to provide a reference for the application of aluminum-water batteries in UUVs, oceanographic buoys, underwater workstations, and other underwater equipment in the future.
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Key words:
- unmanned undersea vehicle /
- Al-water batteries /
- Al alloy /
- anode
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表 1 不同种类储能电池性能比较
Table 1. Comparison of different types of energy storage batteries
电池 比能量
/(Wh/kg)比功率 特点 Li离子电池 150~265 300~1 500 W/kg 良好的循环稳定性, 高能量密度; 但安全性低, 成本高 Zn离子电池 50~200 10~600 W/kg 安全性高, 价格低; 但Zn电极稳定性差 Mg-空气电池 1 000~1 200 200 W/kg 高能量密度; 存在镁的腐蚀、电池极化问题 Al-水电池 400~800 35~100 W/L 比能高安全性好, 无需携带氧气; 但存在Al阳极自腐蚀问题 
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表 2 不同析氢材料性能比较
Table 2. Comparison of performance of hydrogen evolution reaction of different materials
材料 η10/(mV) b Co 14 94 Cu 61 152 MoS2 120 44 CoS 59 56 CoP 86 69
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表 3 Al-水电池在不同电解液中性能比较
Table 3. Comparison of performance of aluminum-water battery in different electrolytes
电解质 ICorr/ISC VOC/V ISC/(mA/cm2) 5 mol/L HCl(H2O) 0.70 1.21~1.60 140 5 mol/L NaOH(H2O) 0.60 1.21~1.55 94 0.5 mol/L KOH(EtOH) 0.02 1.51 0.4 5 mol/L KOH(MeOH) 0.01 1.10~1.55 12 KOH(BMIM-Tf2N) 0 1.72 0.002 AlCl3(BMIM-PF6) 0 0.90 0.4
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