Circuit Rebreathers and Their Applications in Military Diving
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摘要: 循环式潜水呼吸器是蛙人进行军事潜水的必备器材之一。文中对循环式潜水呼吸器的类型、原理和特点进行了简要的对比和说明, 并对美海军纯氧闭式、半闭式、混合器闭式等3种常用循环式潜水呼吸器进行了介绍, 结合国外循环式潜水呼吸器的培训需求和潜水事故的统计数据, 总结了潜水员的选拔标准、培训内容以及训练要求, 并对循环式潜水呼吸器的使用风险进行了分析。文中研究可为水下装备研制与管理提供参考。Abstract: Circuit rebreathers are necessary equipment for divers during military diving. By sorting out foreign developments and applications of circuit rebreathers, this paper briefly compares and explains the types, principles, and characteristics of rebreathers, and introduces the rebreathers used by the United States Navy such as Oxygen closed-circuit rebreathers, semi-closed circuit rebreathers, and mixed-gas closed-circuit rebreathers. Combined with the training requirements of foreign rebreathers and the statistical data of diving accidents, this paper summarizes the selection criteria, training content, and training requirements for divers and analyzes the risk of rebreathers as a reference for equipment development and management.
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Key words:
- diver /
- circuit rebreathers /
- military diving
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表 1 循环式潜水呼吸器性能对比
Table 1. Characteristics comparsion among circuit rebreathers
类型 结构特点 潜水前准备 呼吸介质 使用深度 气泡 应用
场景纯氧闭式 简单 简单 纯氧 ≤
7 m无 水下作战、搜索、检视 半闭式 简单 比较复杂 氮氧混合气 ≤
40 m少量 水下爆炸物处置、检视、简单维修 混合气闭式 复杂 复杂 氮氧或氦氧混合气 ≤
100 m上升时少量 水下爆炸物处置、搜索、侦查、简单维修、特殊作战 表 2 2003~2013年美国海军潜水活动一览表
Table 2. U.S. Navy diving activity from 2003 to 2013
呼吸器
类型潜水
次数百分比/% 事故
数量每万次潜水事故数量 OC scuba 281 882 52.3 42 1.5 MK-25 106 011 19.7 23 2.2 MK-20 69 942 13.0 10 1.4 KM-37/MK-21 56 521 10.5 25 4.4 MK-16 Mod1 20 995 3.9 19 9.0 MK-16 Mod0 981 0.2 6 61.2 VSW-Viper 946 0.2 0 0 合计 537 278 100 125 2.3 表 3 美国海军实验潜水部队潜水事故统计表
Table 3. Statistical table of diving accidents of NEDU
呼吸器
类型致命
事故非致命
事故合计 百分比/% 开放式 75 18 93 56 循环式 23 34 57 35 管供式 14 1 15 9 合计 112 53 165 100 表 4 1979~2009年法国海军潜水事故统计表
Table 4. French army diving accidents from 1979 to 2009
呼吸器类型 事故数量 百分比/% 备注 开放式 209 58 纯氧闭式 47 13 38例为培训学员 半闭式 106 29 38例为培训学员 合计 362 100 -
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